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Structure of Plants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - John Joly
      - Henry Dixon
    - - Purpose
        
        Test the strength of a trees water lifting capabilities
      - Sealed maple branch in glass tube, with exposed bottom exposed in vial of water
        
        A pump raised the air pressure inside the tube to twice the atmosphere
        
        Attempting to stop the waters ascent
        
        Liquid in the vial steadily dropped
        
        Over an hour time period
        
        Proved the plant kept transpiring
        
        More air was pumped, creating 3 times the atmospheric air pressure
        
        Branch still pulled up water
      - Findings/conclusion
        
        Water in a tube can be placed under tension
        
        Can be pulled upwards like a rope #
    - - water from soil enters root and xylem
        
        via osmosis
      - transpiration pull
        
        the pulling force produced inside the xylem tissue
        
        water molecules kept together through cohesion and adhesion
        
        cohesion
        
        attractive force between water molecules
        
        keeps them together
        
        adhesion
        
        attractive force between water molecules and the inner walls of the xylem
        
        pulls water into the veins
        
        tension pulls water from veins to area surround mesophyll cells
        
        water evaporated from mesophyll cell walls
        
        water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through stomata
  - - - Experiment
        
        Overview
        
        Cute off a vine at ground level In spring before the buds had opened
        
        Attached a long glass tube vertically to the severed stem
        
        Observations
        
        The sap grew to a height of 7.6 m
        
        Conclusion
        
        Discovered pressure drawing upwards
        
        Measurements showed the sap only flew in one direction
        
        Transpiration causes water to move through its xylem
    - - Experiment
        
        Woody stems were put in different solutions with a cut below the surface
        
        Copper Sulfate
        
        Picric acid
      - Conclusion
        
        Water lifted without any involvement of living cells
        
        Proved Xylem is not alive
        
        Upon contact, the poisonous fluid kills all living cells in its way
        
        The copper/acid arrive in the leaves and kill them as well
      - Observations
        
        water lifted to considerable heights
- - - - Experiment
        
        Overview
        
        A candle and plant in a bell jar
        
        Covered bell jar so no light could enter
        
        Left for days
        
        Submerged small aquatic plant in water
        
        First was exposed to light
        
        Second was exposed to darkness
        
        Conclusion
        
        Light is needed for plants to make oxygen
        
        Light is necessary to restore air after it has been ‘fouled’ by candles or animals
        
        Observations
        
        Aquatic plant
        
        Light
        
        Bubbles formed #
        
        Green parts of stem
        
        Leaves
        
        Darkness
        
        Bubbles stopped
        
        The candle did not light #
      - Took Priestly's work further #
    - - Experiment
        
        Overview
        
        Two enclosed spaces
        
        One contained:
        
        Mint plant
        
        Extinguished candle
        
        Second contained:
        
        Mint plant
        
        Mouse
        
        Observations
        
        Candle lit with focused sunlight remained lit
        
        Mouse survived
        
        Conclusion
        
        The plant restores to the air whatever the candle and mouse removed
      - Noticed in an enclosed space
        
        Candles go out
        
        Mice die