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APUSH Period 6, Ojas spot - Coggle Diagram
APUSH Period 6
Key Concept 6.2
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New Western Settlement
After Oklahoma was designated for Indians (no way anyone was going to settle there UNLESS...), frontier was declared SETTLED
End of American drive?, will destroy society? -Asked by Frederick Jackson Turner in The Significance of the Frontier in American History, said that the frontier was where America went if there was domestic strife, claimed that the West reduced social stratification
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First to come were called sodbusters, broke open "virgin" "unoccupied" land
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- Homestead Act of 1862
- Timber Culture Act (1873) - more land if you plant trees
- Desert Land Act (1877) - cheap land if you irrigate it
Pacific Railroad Acts (1860s) gave land and govt bonds to companies
Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
4 more built; only last one was not federally funded
Mining -- gold found, people go there, boomtown, then gold from placer mining found, then big corpos with $$ equipment show up
Boomtowns - Virginia City in NV after discovery of Comstock Lode. different from "wild west" towns; similar to east cities in diversity and industrial operations
People hunted buffalo for sport, nearly wiped them out. Natives depended on those
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Migration
20 million people from EU, China, etc
Exoduster movement (late 1870s)-- 40,000 AA's moved from west of ex-confederate states to Kansas
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Nativism
Parts of cities begin to become defined by ethnicity; foreign-language papers, ethnic enclaves with grocery stores, etc
Henry Cabot Lodge and Madison Grant fear that Anglo-Saxon committing "race-suicide" by allowing "inferior" races to enter usa
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Ended Chisese immigration, entirely
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Urban politics
Political machines -- give social services to poor ppl in return for votes. also lots of corrupt back dealings. ONLY CARE ABOUT POWER NOT IDEOLOGY
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Middle class emerges
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white-collar had wages rise faster and shorter days. women did many of these. office duties with typewriters, and schoolteachers
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Newspapers become popular -- "yellow journalism" readership thru sensational and exaggerated headlines
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Sports! spectator sports
Baseball, Tennis, Croquet, Cycling, Football
Key Concept 6.3
Justifying success
"Free Labor" ideal waning -- "wage slaves" will never own their own land, at odds with previous idea of freedom
Social Darwinism -- William Graham Sumner, "survival of the fittest"
Horatio Alger made "dime novels" -- myth of self-made man, "rags-to-riches"
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Gospel of Wealth by Carnegie (1889) - Moral Justification AND obligation of rich. they give money back to society like libraries, universities
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Challenging Jim Crow
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Booker T. Washington -- AA train in vocational skills. leader of Tuskegee Institute (1881). Later challenged by WEB DuBois
Key Concept 6.1
Agribusiness
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Small yeoman farmers unable to compete with big farms, consolidation into BIG BOIS
Agrarian Resistance
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Wabash v Illinois (1886) overturned Munn; states could not regulate since interstate. Feds make ICC (1887) in response
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Populist Party (1892) -- graduated income tax, fed. ownership of railroads, unlimited coinage of silver. All this in their Omaha platform in 1982
supported Dem. nominee William J Bryan in 1896 election after his "cross of gold speech". He lost and populist party absorbed into democratic party
Industrialization
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New organization methods
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Andrew Carnegie -- Carnegie Steel, VERTICAL INTEGRATION, owning raw resource to final good
Rockefeller -- Standard Oil, Trusts, HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION owning ALL of one step of good production
Vanderbilt - Railroads, first company to use Stock Market to fund
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Strikes and Conflict
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Knights of Labor (1869) -- industrial union. anyone can join. bread and butter but also social changes like safety rules and no child labor. Died due to Haymarket Incident (1886)
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Great Railroad Strike of 1887 -- B&O announced cuts, 100k railroad, 500k others. Pres Rutherford B. Hayes called in federal troops
American Federation of Labor (1886) Samuel Gompers -- craft union, only skilled workers, "bread and butter" (higher wages, better conditions), NO social reform
Homestead Strike (1892) -- union that worked at Carnegie steel lost battle with Henry Clay Frick, plant manager
Pullman Strike (1893): Wages cut, ppl ask American Railway Union (led by Eugene V Debs). nationwide strikes; railroad traffic brought to a standstill. Courts issued two injunctions, Pres Grover Cleveland called out federal troops
Done in company town: Pullman built all housing and controlled rent, etc
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When women/immigrants were hired, paid less, considered expendable
Calls for "New South": Henry Grady wanted mixed economy with industrial stuff (nothing really happened)
Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
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The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
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