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Chapter 4: Ecology of Parenting - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 4:
Ecology of Parenting
About Parenting
Parenting means implementing a series of decisions about the socialization of a child
Macrosystem Influences on Parenting
Political Ideology
Religious
National
Ethnic
Progressive
Socioeconomic Status
Exosystem Influence on Parenting
Parental Occupation
The macrosystem of socioeconomic status of a family influences parenting style in that generally parents of lower socioeconomic are more punitive, emphasizing obedience, whereas parents of higher socioeconomic status use more reasoning, emphasizing independence and creativity.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion
Similarity in Parenting
The macrosystem of culture, ethnicity, and religion influence parenting styles on the dimension of cooperative/interdependent (collectivistic) societies on one end of the spectrum and competitive/independent (individualistic) on the other.
Diversity in Parenting
Chronosystem Influences on Parenting
Historical Trends
18th Century
Humanism
Tabula Rasa ("blank slate")
Endless chores
19th Century
Children are innately good
Individual needs/welfare of child
emphasis on rewards and punishment
Strict child-rearing
20th Century
Early
Behaviorism
Reinforced/rewarded behavior; ealry conditioning
Express emotions
Personalities to flourish
Middle
Children fed when hungry
Early Potty Training
Self-Regulation
Parents are flexible
Late
physical punishment is wrong
Emphasis on love
individual differences in children
Stimulating environments
Family Dynamics and Changes over Time
Children's Characteristics
Age and Cognitive Development
Temperament
Gender
Presence of a Disability
Family Characteristics
Size
Configuration
Parents' Life Stage
Marital Quality
Parental Ability to Cope with Stress
Family Dynamics involve the continuous and evolving bidirectional interactions affecting parents and children over time
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Adult-Centered
Authoritative
Democratic
Permissive
Child-Centered
Uninvolved
Microsystem Influences on Parenting Style
Interactions between Parent and Child
Attachment
Self-Regulation and Prosocial Behavior
Socioeconomic and Cognitive Competence
Appropriate Parenting Practices
Developmental Appropriateness
Appropriate parenting practices are influenced by parental understanding of developmental appropriateness, as well as behavior management techniques.
Inappropriate Parenting Practices
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
Physical
Sexual
Psychological or Emotional
Causes and Consequences of Child Maltreatment
The Child and Maltreatment
The Family and Maltreatment
The Community and Maltreatment
Inappropriate parenting is maltreatment--intentional harm to or endangerment of a child, including abuse and neglect. Parents who maltreat their children fail to meet the physical or emotional needs of the developing child.
Mesosystem Influences on Parenting Style
Interactions between Parent and Others
Mesosystem influences between parent and others include school and community interactions