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social beliefs and judgement - Coggle Diagram
social beliefs and judgement
thinking brain
system 1 (intuitive, automatic, unconcious thinking)
intuitive judgements
Snap judgement
given a very thin slice of someone, even just a fraction of a second glance, people can beat chance at guessing someone’s personality
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
e.g. buying a new car
Our thinking is partly automatic and partly controlled.
automatic processing
controlled processing
system 2 (the deliberate, controlled, conscious.)
priming
activating particular associations in memory.
Priming research suggests that the unconscious indeed controls much of our behaviour
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct.
Incompetence feeds overconfidence
heuristics
representativeness heuristics
Presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member.
Intuitively compare it to our mental representation
Representativeness usually reflects reality.
A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments.
Heuristics enable us to make routine decisions with minimal effort.
availability heuristics
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory .
Deducing particular instances from a general truth vs. inferring general truth from a vivid instance
Statistical intuitions are driven by emotions attuned to the availability heuristic.
counterfactual thinking
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
illusory correlation
Perception of a relationship where none exists.
Example: raining and falling sick.
moods & judgements
Social judgement is influenced by our moods and emotions.
Our moods colour how we judge our worlds.
Perceiving & Interpreting Events
Our preconceptions guide how we perceive and interpret information.
Difficulty in demolishing a falsehood after the person conjures up a rationale for it.
Our beliefs and expectations affect how we mentally construct events.
Belief perseverance
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions
The more we examine our theories, the more closed we become.
E.g., to study medicine in NUS, you must go to a top JC and do well in your study.
attributing causality
misattribution
internal
external
situational
dispositional
FAE(fundamental attribution error)
tendency to overestimate dispositional influence over situational influences
Self fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Our ideas lead us to act in ways that produce their apparent confirmation.
Teacher expectations can become self-fulfilling prophecies.
experimenter bias