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Theory and Methods part 2 - Coggle Diagram
Theory and Methods part 2
Positivism
:
They prefer to use quantitive data which is information and facts that take a numerical form.
They use experiments, questionares, and surveys.
An approach to sociology based on studying society in a scientific manner.
Interpretavism
:
They prefer to use qualitative data which is descriptive and regards phenomenon which can be observed.
They use unstructured interviews and participant observation.
An approach to sociology based on studying society in an analytical manner.
Research aims and selection of topic
:
Sociological research starts with an identification of a problem or puzzle.
Sociologists are influenced by many factors when choosing the topic they want to research
how pratical it will be to do the research
what ethical issues are raised by this topic
wether funding is available, which depends on how important funders think the topic is
social changes and developments
what is already known about the topic and what is not yet know about it
their personal intrests, experience and observations
Hypothesis setting and revision
:
Sociological research continues by reviewing the available evidence. This involves finding what is already known. This stage is called the literature review.
Sociological research continues by developing a hypothesis or aim that can be investigated. An hypothesis is a theory or explanation at the start of research that the research is designed to test
Sociological research contiunes by choosing the research method suitable for the research.
Having collected data, the sociologist has to analyze them and work out what they mean for the research problem.
The research findings have to be reported so that they can be read and used by others researching the same or related areas.
Sociological research continues by implementing the research method
Pilot studies
: whatever method is chosen, it is important to have a small-scale test of a piece of the research project before the main research to see if there are any problems in the design or if the research plan can be improved. Putting problems right at an early stage saves money, time, and effort later.
Sampling
The researcher has to choose an appropriate sample for the research by selecting some of all possible respondents.
All those to whom the findings of the study will apply and from which a sample is choosen is called survey population. The list of members of the population from which the sample is choosen is called sampling frame
Samples are usually chosen so that they are representative, that means that the researcher can claim that the results apply to the whole population, not just the sample. To be representative samples have to be a cross-section of the population. The sample then can also be said to have generalisability which is when the findings of a sample can be said to apply to a larger group of people sharing their characteristics
Types of sampling
Stratified sample
: when the sampling frame is divided, for example, by gender or age
Quota sampling
: deciding in advance how many people with what characteristics to involve in the research and then identifying with them
Random sample
: when each person has an equal chance of being selected
Snowball sampling
: when one respondent puts the researcher in contact with others
Ethical issues
Ethical guidelines
The participants' informed consent should be obtained
The researcher should not invade the participants' privacy
The participants must not be harmes
Participants should not be deceived
Research can be
Anonymous
: the participant's name (or anything else which might identify the individual) does not appear on the survey form; this is not always done if it might be necessary to contact someone again for further information
Confidential
: it is not possible to trace an individual's answers from the published findings.
Reliability
: when the research can be repeated and similar responses will be obtained
Validity
: when the findings accurately reflect the reality that it is intended to capture
Objectivity
: absence of bias; the researchers do not allow their values or feelings to influence the research
Subjectivity
: lack of objectivity; the researcher's view influences the approach taken