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APUSH Period 5, Connor spot? - Coggle Diagram

- - - - William Lloyd Garrison
      - Frederick Douglass
    - - vividly described slavery and dehumanization, put a face to slavery for northerners. made them mad
    - - John Brown became a martyr
      - even though it was denounced by north people
  - - - Two state governments (Lecompton and Topeka) President Pierce recognizes slavery-supporting government (the Lecompton constitution)
      - New England Emigrant Aid Society to encourage northerners to move to Kansas
  - - - Created Free Soil Party (1848)
        
        lost steam; later many joined republican party in 1854
  - - - Underground Railroad to get to Canada and avoid this fugitive Slave Law
      - very controversial but stephen a. douglas proposed unbundling and voting on each individually -- he managed to get enough people for each act
        
        thus both clay and S.A.D (nice initials) shud get credit for this
    - - Essentially repealed Missouri Compromise, Northerners livid
  - - - Dred Scott was a slave whose master brought him into Illinois and Wisconsin territories (free), and sued for his freedom
      - Court ruled against Scott
        
        Slaves are not citizens, therefore he could not sue in the first place
        
        The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional because it violates the Fifth Amendment's protection of property rights
        
        No African-Americans (not even free ones) are entitled to citizenship: they are "beings of an inferior order"
      - SLAVERY ALLOWED EVERYWHERE!!! ono
  - - - S. saw as a threat to Southern way of life + slavery even if not part of stated goals
  - - - slavery needs to grow in order to remain economically viable, so they were spooked
- - - - Didn't work; Britain less reliant on Southern cotton than expected
        
        also the emancipation proclamation ensured no BR involvement
    - - Didn't free any slaves: mainly to ensure that BR doesn't help (in interest of cotton). slaves joining Union army as well
      - changed the GOALS of the war. no longer just preserve union, but to free slaves!!
    - - Secession of SC December 1860
    - - North
        
        Greater population
        
        Greater industry
        
        More railroads
        
        Powerful well-developed government
      - South
        
        Experienced generals: Robert E Lee, "Stonewall" Jackson
        
        Home field advantage
  - - - "captains of industry" in gilded age (Carnegie, rockefeller) got start here
    - - Issuing Currency. Legal Tender Acts (1862 and 1863) allows govt to issue paper currency! National Banks Acts (1863-1864) lets existing banks join system and issue US Treasury notes
      - Borrowing money -- public buy bonds for first time. $400 million. Banks and financial institutions loan $2.6 billion
      - New Taxes -- first ever income tax.
    - - Arrested war dissenters
  - - - President Andrew Johnson was an anti-elite Southerner. racist and opposed strong reconstruction and terrible president who is one of the worst whydoesheexist
      - Recognized southern govts after 13th amendment
      - South passed Black Codes from 1855-1866
      - postwar conditions so similar to pre-war, northerners wondering if they had "won the war but lost the peace"
      - terrible because johnson is a terrible human being and president and should be reviled
    - - Replaced a system where Poor (mostly black but also white) people work for a bad, perpetual, contract for free labor
      - Included capital for a portion of crop yield
    - - Republicans overwhelmingly dominated both houses because they refused representatives elected in South (mostly former Confederate leaders)
      - Johnson repeatedly vetoes Congressional bills, radicalizing representatives
      - Reconstruction Acts (1867-68) - forces South to allow Blacks to vote using the military
      - President Johnson impeached, acquitted by 1 vote
        
        violated Tenure of Office Act in 1868 and fired cabinet official without Senate approval
        
        the person who gave acquitting vote got ousted in next midterm
      - 1866 Civil Rights Act, federal law that made all born in US, citizens except NA, also prohibited discrimination on jury selection
        
        define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law
      - Radical Republicans
        
        Thaddeus Stevens: take land from Southern whites and give it to former slaves (introduced bill in 1847)
      - Force Acts: passed in 1870 and 1871, created to stop torture and harassments of blacks, esp. by KKK and similar groups
      - Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
    - - 13th Amendment (1865) abolished slavery
      - 14th Amendment (1868) made all born in the US citizens
        
        Confederate states were forced to ratify it in order to be readmitted to the Union
        
        Pres Andrew Johnson actively told southerners to reject it since hes terrible
        
        ergo, slaves are citizens (overturns dred scott)
      - 15th Amendment (1869) prohibited discrimination in voting based on race or previous condition of servitude
        
        Women's rights advocates debated this -- it denied voting to female since it linked "male" to "right to vote"
        
        Voter suppression continued under poll taxes, grandfather clauses, and literacy tests
    - - Compromise of 1877
        
        Dems threatened to block Hayes inauguration, Compromise: Dems gave to Hayes BUT Hayes had to end reconstruction
        
        Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, Tilden won popular but in SC, Louisiana FL, both claimed to have won, resolved by a majority (8-7) Republican group, said Rutherford (R) won
      - Southern conservative Democrats called "redeemers" regained power
      - KKK established (1866), used violence to silence and intimidate african americans and block vote
        
        Colfax, Louisiana 1873 -- over 100 killed
      - United States v Cruikshank weakened Reconstruction -- Enforcement Act of 1870 unconstitutional
        
        Enforcement Act of 1870 -- fed. authorities can protect const. rights of AA from vigilante violence
        
        Congress can protect individuals from discrimination by states but not individuals
    - - Black Republicans voting and holding office by 1870
      - Scalawags - Southern whites that were Republicans for personal gain
      - Carpetbaggers - Northerners that went to South for financial, political, and/or social gain
      - Mostly effective repair of Southern infrastructure and economy
    - - 1863 Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan - 10% of southern state take oath of allegiance to allow readmission
      - Vetoed Wade-Davis bill in 1864, which would establish stricter standards (50% 50 percent)
    - - Very few African Americans elected to public office in South, but some were
      - schools for African Americans -- Howard University, Morehouse College
      - started hospitals, rewrote constitutions, updated penal codes, began physics rebuilding of war-torn south
  - - - Black people could not take loans for capital, pushed into sharecropping
      - Racial Segreation
      - Banning of hearing in court
  - - - segregated public facilities
- - - - reinforced notions of race; anyone non-white (mexicans, natives, blacks) incapable of establishing good democracy
      - James K. Polk believed in, aimed for Oregon and Mexico
    - - Pacific Railroad Act (1862) - land and $ to companies to build railroads. 130M acres; states gave 50M
      - Homestead Act (1862) -- free land in west to settlers willing to farm it
      - Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) -- land to build public colleges on or to sell to get $ for educational buildings
  - - - Know-Nothing Party nativism
      - Irish came because Irish potato famine (1845-1852)
      - German: Failed Revolutions (1848-1849) so came for Democracy
  - - - Texas, which had 3 times as many American immigrants as Mexicans, declared independence from Mexico (1836)
        
        Texans defeat Mexico in battle, disputed territory