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Digestive & Urinary System Charleigh Ochoa Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Charleigh Ochoa Period 1
Major functions of the digestive system
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Take in food
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Defecation
Propulsion
Peristalsis
major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
Absorption
Ingestion
Digestion
Mechanical breakdown
Segmentation
local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract or gut)
Digests food: breaks down into smaller fragments
Absorbs fragments through lining into blood
Continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
Organs
stomach
temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Cardial part
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
small intestine
major organ of digestion and absorption
Duodenum
Ileum
Jejunum
large intestine
Haustra
pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
Epiploic appendages
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Teniae coli
three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Subdivisions
Appendix
Colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Sigmoid colon
Cecum
Rectum
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
esophagus
Is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
pharynx
Allows passage of food, fluids, and air
mouth
anus
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
chief function is storage of bile
Digestive glands: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
Liver
digestive function is production of bile
Pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Salivary glands
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Vitamin absorption
In small intestine
A, D, E, K ,C, B, Vitamin B12
In large intestine
K and B
Electrolyte absorption
in duodenum
Iron and calcium
in small intestine
Na+, CL-, K+
Digestive enzymes
Amylase
Lipases
Proteases
Nucleases
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinalysis
urine is examined for signs of disease
can also be used to test for illegal substances
Major functions of the urinary system
Blood
kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply
Renal arteries deliver about one-fourth (1200 ml) of cardiac output to kidneys each minute
Three major renal processes
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys
a major excretory organ, maintain the body’s internal environment
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin(regulates blood pressure and renin(regulates RBC production)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Activating vitamin D
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Filtrate (produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus proteins
Urine is produced from filtrate
<1% of original filtrate
Contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
Regions
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Urine flow
Renal pyramid →minor calyx →major calyx →renal pelvis →ureter
Renal cortex
Urinary bladder
temporary storage reservoir for urine
Ureters
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urethra
transports urine out of body
Nephron anatomy and physiology
the structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
1 million per kidney
Two parts
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Functions in reabsorption and secretion
Nephron loop
U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Function more in secretion than reabsorption
Collecting ducts
Principal cells
Intercalated cells
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Layers of the GI tract
Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Muscularis externa
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
Mucosa
Tunic layer that lines lumen
different layers perform one or all three functions
Absorbs end products of digestion
Protects against infectious disease
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
Serosa
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum