Digestive & Urinary System, Natalie Perez Period 5

Major Functions of Digestive System

Major Functions of Urinary System

Major Organs of Digestive System

Major Organs of Urinary Systems

Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)

Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule

Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)

Nephron anatomy and physiology

Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems

Structural & functional units that forms urine in kidneys

2 Main Parts

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

Glomerulus

Glomecular Capsule

Allows for efficient filtrate formation

Highly Porous capillaries

Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium

cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

Parietal Layer: simple squamous epithelium

Visceral Layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes

consists of single layer of epithelial cells, each region = unique histology & function

  1. Proximal convoluted tubule: proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
  1. Nephron Loop: u-shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs
  1. Distal convoluted tubule: distal, farhtest from renal corpuscle

Small Intestine

Villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa with a core that contains dense capillary bed & lymphatic capillary (lacteal) for absorption

Microvili: cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance (brush border) that contains membrane-bound enzymes used for final carbohydrate & protein digestion

Chyme: In stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates & proteins & undigested fats

Used for final carbohydrate & protein digestion

Vitamin absorption

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis Propria

Serosa

circular & longitudinal smooth muscle layers, extra 3rd layer, oblique (diagonal) layer

consists of simple columnar epithelium entirely composed of mucous cells

stomach wall contains reg. 4 tunics: muscular & mucosa = modified

submucosal gland

blood vessels

smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining

Amylase: begins breakdown of starch

Pepsin: digests proteins

Lipases: digests 15% of lipids

Lactase: helps break down diary foods like sugars in milk

  1. Ingestion: eating
  1. Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal
  1. Mechanical Breakdown: chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, & segmnetiaon
  1. Digestion: serves of catabolic step that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
  1. Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
  1. Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces

Pharynx: allows passage of food, fluids, & air

Esophagus: flat muscular tube that runs from larynx, pharynx to stomach

Stomach: temporary storage tank starts chem. breakdown of protein digestion

Pancreas: secretion of insulin & glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

Large Intestine: absorb water and salts from material that has not been digested as food

Small Intestine: Absorb all nutrients and most water

Gallbladder: storage of bile

Kidney: filter body's entire plasma volume

Ureterus: slender tubes convey urine from kidney to bladder

Urethra: muscular tube drains ruinary bladder

Urinary Bladder: storage of urine

Renal Pelvis: collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae

Filter blood

Create urine as a waste by-product

Take nutrients from food and convert into enregy

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): stomach acid goes back up the esophagus

Gallstones: Bile in gallbladder becomes hard

Bladder Infections: caused by bacteria

Incontience: urine leaks out of urethra

Kidney Infection: bladder infection backs up uterus