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Digestive & Urinary System, Natalie Perez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System, Natalie Perez Period 5
Major Functions of Digestive System
Ingestion: eating
Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal
Mechanical Breakdown: chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, & segmnetiaon
Digestion: serves of catabolic step that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Major Functions of Urinary System
Filter blood
Create urine as a waste by-product
Take nutrients from food and convert into enregy
Major Organs of Digestive System
Pharynx: allows passage of food, fluids, & air
Esophagus: flat muscular tube that runs from larynx, pharynx to stomach
Stomach: temporary storage tank starts chem. breakdown of protein digestion
Pancreas: secretion of insulin & glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Large Intestine: absorb water and salts from material that has not been digested as food
Small Intestine: Absorb all nutrients and most water
Major Organs of Urinary Systems
Gallbladder: storage of bile
Kidney: filter body's entire plasma volume
Ureterus: slender tubes convey urine from kidney to bladder
Urethra: muscular tube drains ruinary bladder
Urinary Bladder: storage of urine
Renal Pelvis: collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase: begins breakdown of starch
Pepsin: digests proteins
Lipases: digests 15% of lipids
Lactase: helps break down diary foods like sugars in milk
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Small Intestine
Villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa with a core that contains dense capillary bed & lymphatic capillary (lacteal) for absorption
Microvili: cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance (brush border) that contains membrane-bound enzymes used for final carbohydrate & protein digestion
Used for final carbohydrate & protein digestion
Chyme: In stomach contains partially digested carbohydrates & proteins & undigested fats
Vitamin absorption
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa
consists of simple columnar epithelium entirely composed of mucous cells
Submucosa
submucosal gland
blood vessels
Muscularis Propria
circular & longitudinal smooth muscle layers, extra 3rd layer, oblique (diagonal) layer
Serosa
smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining
stomach wall contains reg. 4 tunics: muscular & mucosa = modified
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Structural & functional units that forms urine in kidneys
2 Main Parts
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Highly Porous capillaries
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Glomecular Capsule
cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Parietal Layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral Layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes
Renal Tubule
consists of single layer of epithelial cells, each region = unique histology & function
Proximal convoluted tubule: proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
Nephron Loop: u-shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs
Distal convoluted tubule: distal, farhtest from renal corpuscle
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): stomach acid goes back up the esophagus
Gallstones: Bile in gallbladder becomes hard
Bladder Infections: caused by bacteria
Incontience: urine leaks out of urethra
Kidney Infection: bladder infection backs up uterus