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Nervous System, Systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stimuling Follice: In women: stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles and the secretion of estrogen. In men: stimulates the secretion of androgen-binding protein in the testicle.
        
        Oxytocin: Stimulates the contraction of muscle cells of the uterus in childbirth and myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland for ejection of milk.
        
        Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone: ncreases the reabsorption of water in the kidney so it decreases the volume of urine and its concentration.
- - - - Diseases
        
        Chlamydia: is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the STD with the highest prevalence, and at the beginning of the infection, there are no symptoms. In man, it manifests as inflammation of the urethra, accompanied by burning and clear discharge, as well as frequent and painful urination. In the case of women, up to 70% of those infected have no symptoms; however, it causes inflammation of the pelvis and oviducts. If it is not treated, it can cause sterility.
        Gonorrhea: the bacterium that causes this disease is Nersseria genorrheear. It is STD that has no symptoms in 5 to 10% of infected men and up to 50% of intected women. However, it is highly contagious, since infected mucous membranes are become infected during childbirth, and if they become infected the eyes may sufer from blindness. In men, there is inflammation of the urethra with the production of pus and painful urination. The infection may involve the epididymis and the pros. tate. In women, there is purulent vaginal discharge, and the uterus, oviducts, and pelvis can swell. This disease also causes sterility if it is not treated in a timely and appropriate manner.
        Syphilis: is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Its contagion is not only by ogmau uaaa asanosajui jeue pue qouBea geao Suunp uonpajur po aoanos au sexual transmission but also by blood transfusions from infected donors. Infected moth. transmit the disease to the fetus through the placenta. In the first stage, in the fected area, there is a region of hardening, which is open and does not hurt, known chancre; it disappears in a maximum of five weeks. Between six and 24 weeks later. fever, joint and muscle pain, and rashes appear. These symptoms occur because the pathogen spreads throughout the body. When the function of the affected organs is compromised, several symptoms arise, including the lack of control of sphincters and muscular weakness that ends up keeping the person bedridden without being able to move. If the disease is not treated, it is possible that up to 20 years after the infection, nervous symptoms occur, giving rise to neurosyphilis, which affects brain structures and the patient may even have dementia
        Genital herpes: is an incurable STD caused by a herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2). It produc- es painful blisters on the penis and vulva, including the vagina. Although the blisters disappear, the virus is still present in the body throughout life; this is why blisters can occur regularly. It is important to clarify that the herpes virus type 2 that produces genital herpes is not related to the herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) that produces blisters or ulcers on the lips and mouth.
        Genital warts: are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually trans- mitted and is not curable. Women infected with this virus have a very high risk of de- veloping cancer in the cervix, which is one of the principal mortality causes of women in Mexico.
        Molluscum contagiosum: caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, produces le- sions in the form of small, yellowish-white hard rashes on the skin. This disease is not exclusively sexually transmitted; it also occurs during childhood and in immunosup- pressed people. If the infection is caused by sexual contact, the lesions develop in the genital and perineal areas, as well as in thighs. The lesion is eliminated with the use of drugs of local application or with cryotherapya.
        *Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): is caused by the human immunode ficiency virus (HIV), which remains throughout life in the body, although the infected person does not have any symptoms. Its contagion occurs through sexual exposure to semen or vaginal fluids of infected people. Since the virus also found in the blood, it can be transmitted by blood transfusions or by having contact with the rneedles contaminated syringes. Mothers who suffer from this disease transmit it to their child during childbirth or through breast milk.
    - - Testicles: are even organs located in the scrotal bags that keep them out of the abdomi- nal cavity. This location allows the proper development of sperm since they need a tem- perature of 2 to 3 °C lower than body temperature. Its shape is oval and measures cm long and 2.5 cm wide.
      - Conduits of the Male Reproductive: are even organs located in the scrotal bags that keep them out of the abdomi- nal cavity. This location allows the proper development of sperm since they need a tem- perature of 2 to 3 °C lower than body temperature. Its shape is oval and measures cm long and 2.5 cm wide.
      - Accesory Glands: the semen is made up of the sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands, which are the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bul- bourethral or the two seminal vesicles contributes 60% of the total of the semen; contains a sugar -fruc- tose- that is used as an energy source by sperm; since its pH is alkaline, it counter- acts the acidic pH of the male urethra and the vagina.
      - Penis:the urethra which is the route for ejacula- tion and emission of urine. Along the penis is the corpus cavernosum, which is a structure formed by erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal to maintain the erection of the penis. The spongy body that contains the urethra is located below the corpus cavernosum. At its distal end, the penis widens to form the glans, which is covered with thin and loose skin
    - - Mestrual Cycle
        
        Hormones regulate process as the maturation of oocytes, ovulation, and the prepara- tion of the uterus for implantation. These hormones are secreted cyclically and give rise to the stages or phases of the menstrual cycle, which lasts on average 28 days.
        Menstrual phase: day one corresponds to the beginning of menstruation, originated when the fertilization is absent and, consequently, the levels of estrogen and proges- terone diminish. The functional layer of the endometrium is detached, and bleeding occurs. This stage lasts from 1 to 5 days days. Look at the stages of the menstrual cycle in Figure 4.10.
        Pre-ovulatory phase: this phase goes from the end of menstruation to ovulation. Al- though in each ovary are follicles at different stages of maturation, in this phase of the cycle only one of them and a single ovary will complete its maturation, and it will be ready for the oocyte to be ovulated. In pregnancies of non-identical twins, two follicles mature, and the oocytes are ovulated and fertilized at almost the same time. While this occurs in the ovary, the uterus prepares for implantation. For this goal, the functional layer of the endometrium develops again. Estrogens are responsible, to a greater extent, for the events corresponding to this phase.
        Ovulation: the peak of estrogen production triggers in the pituitary gland the pro- duction of luteinizing hormone (LH), which promotes the rupture of the mature ovarian follicle and releases the oocyte. This action happens in the middle menstrual cycle.
        Postovulatory phase: the ovarian follicle from which the oocyte was released presents a small hemorrhage and, subsequently, the cells that comprise it are organized, giving origin to the corpus luteum and begin to produce progesterone and estrogen. These hormones determine that the cells of the endometrium produce glycogen, which is a source of energy necessary for the survival of the fertilized ovule before implantation. does not occur, the levels of estrogen and progesterone decline due to JI pregnancy the deterioration of the corpus luteum, the functional layer of the endometrium is detached, and menstruation occurs. If there is pregnancy, the embryo produces the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that allows the functionality of the corpus luteum. HCG can be detected in the blood and urine of the mother through pregnancy tests.
      - Ovaries: are even organs with the size of an almond that are responsible for the production of female gametes ocytes- as well as for the synthesis and secretion of temale sex hormones, estrogen, and progesterone. It is estimated that, at birth, each ovary has up to two million oocytes, and upon reaching puberty there Will be around of 40,000, and out of these, only 400 will reach maturity and will be ovulated during the fertile stage of the woman.
      - Fallopian Tubes: are pairs and tubular organs, approximately 10 cm long. One end is attached to the uterus; the other is funnel-shaped -infundibulum- and joins the fimbriae that have the shape of skinny fingers to be able to "catch" the newly ovulated oocyte. During its passage through the ovi- duct, the oocyte can be fertilized if there is the presence of sperm, at this moment it is called an ovule. After fertilization, the genetic material of the ovule and the sperm join
      - Uterus: are pairs and tubular organs, approximately 10 cm long. One end is attached to the uterus; the other is funnel-shaped -infundibulum- and joins the fimbriae that have the shape of skinny fingers to be able to "catch" the newly ovulated oocyte. During its passage through the ovi- duct, the oocyte can be fertilized if there is the presence of sperm, at this moment it is called an ovule. After fertilization, the genetic material of the ovule and the sperm join
      - Mammary Glands: are even organs located in the anterior part of the thorax. Milk-pro- ducing cells are organized into structures in the form of small sacs called alveoli. Sev- eral alveoli form lobules and these, in turn, integrate lobules. Each of these structures has ducts that are joined to form the milk ducts or galactophores, which have, near their outlet, dilatations called lactiferous sinuses.