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SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY, (Techniques of short-wave diathermy) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Increased metabolism - region of most heat – superficial tissues
        
        Increased demand for O2 and foodstuffs
        
        Increased output of waste products
    - - Vasodilation
        
        Stimulation of superficial nerve endings – reflex dilatation of
        the arterioles. – increased flow of blood
        
        Erythema
  - - - Pain gate mechanism
        
        Endorphins
    - - Muscle tissue - relaxation,
        
        increases the efficiency of muscle
        action, increased blood supply
        
        General rise in temperature
        
        general rise in body temperature, vasomotor center and heat-regulating center in
        hypothalamus affected
        , generalized dilatation of the
        superficial blood vessels
        
        Fall in blood pressure
        
        Generalised vasodilatation-reduced
        peripheral resistance – reduced viscosity of the blood
        
        Increased activity of sweat glands
        
        reflex stimulation of sweat glands-increased elimination of waste products..
      - Short-Wave Diathermy
        
        Current that has a frequency of
        between 107 and 108 Hz and
        sets up radio waves with a
        wave-length of between 30 and 3m
        
        1880’s French physiologist d’Arsonval passed 1 ampere high
        frequency current through his body
        
        1930’s American physicist Arthur Milinowski and Dr.
        Ginsberg-pauses in the CSWT-Pulsed SWT
        
        Medical purpose-frequency of 27120000 Hz (27.12MHz)
        and wave-length of 11.3m.
        
        In 1947 the Federal Communication Commission assigned 3 frequencies
        
        40.68 MHz (±20KHz) and a wavelength of 7.5 m
        
        13.56 MHz (±6.25KHz) and a wavelength of 22 m,
        
        27.12 MHz (±160KHz) and wavelength of 11 m.
        
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        Production of SW
        
        The machine circuit-Current is obtained by discharging a condenser
        through an inductance of low ohmic resistance.
        
        The basic oscillator circuit consists of
        a condenser and an inductance.
        
        Currents of different frequencies are obtained by selecting suitable condensers and inductances.
        
        In order to make the condenser to
        charge and discharge repeatedly to produce
        HF current,
        the oscillator circuit is incorporated in a
        valve circuit
        
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        The Patient circuit
        
        This circuit is coupled to the machine circuit by inductors.
        
        The condenser field method
        
        the electrodes and the patient’s tissues form a capacitor
        
        The cable method
        
        The cable electrode forms an inductance.
        
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        Physical characteristics
        
        An electric (E) field is set up whenever an electrical charges move.
        An electrically charged particle, such as an electron or proton
        placed within this field will experience a force (F).
        
        F=qE
        Where
        
        q is the strength of the charge placed in the field and
        
        E is the charge
        
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        Physiological effect of diathermy
        current
        
        Does not stimulate motor or sensory nerves.
        
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        Mechanism of action
        
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- - - - The couch, chair or table – should not contain metal
        
        Clothing should be removed from the area of treatment
        
        Metal objects,
        and anything that is damp, should be removed
        from the vicinity of the area to be treated.
        
        Wounds and sinuses must be cleansed and covered with a dry dressing before commencing treatment.
        
        The patient-comfortable,
        the part to be treated must be fully supported
        
        The ammeter is no guide to the amount of heating.
        The dose is estimated by the amount of heat felt by the patient.
        
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      - Types of electrode
        
        Disc electrode (Air space plates)
        
        metal plate surrounded by some
        form of insulating material.
        -
        
        Right metal plate coated with a thin layer of insulating material.
        -
        
        A malleable metal plate covered with a thin layer of rubber. (pad electrode).
        -
        
        The electrodes are separated from the skin by perforated felt
        
        The cable electrode
        
        separated from the skin by at least four layers of dry turkish towelling (1 cm).
        -
        
        The turns of the cable should be at
        least 2.5 cm apart and may be secured with spacers made of insulating material.
        
        Monode (drum) electrode
        
        electric fields produced by
        
        a-flat electrode
        
        b- convex electrodes
        the field produced by the convex electrode is more even.
        
        image
        
        Position and size of electrodes
        
        Condenser field method
        
        Cable method
        
        Connecting leads
        -The leads or cable must be of the correct length for the particular electrodes and machine that are
        used.
        
        Application of current
        
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  - - - Pain-inhibition of sensory impulse transmission, which may lead to
        a sedative effect in the treated area.
        
        Inflammatory pain is expected to reduce as a result of the
        vasodilatation and absorption of the exudates accumulation in the
        tissues.
        
        The pain resulting from muscle spasm could decrease as a
        consequence of vasodilatation and the removal of excess lactic acid
        and other metabolic products in the muscle that cause muscle
        soreness.
        
        counter-irritation
      - 2.Peripheral Nerve repair
        
        increase the rate of nerve regeneration in animal studies.
        
        Increase the nerve conduction velocity in ulnar and median nerves.
        
        3.Effects on inflammation
        
        Dilatation of arterioles and
        capillaries-increased blood flow
        
        4.Effects on bacterial infections
        
        boils, carbuncles and abscesses
        
        5.Effects on muscle tissue
        
        6.Inflammatory conditions
        (chronic or acute)
        
        7.MSK
        
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        Boils
        
        Carbuncles
        
        Sinusitis
        
        Pelvic conditions
        
        Infected surgical incision
        
        muscle relaxation.
        
        UMN lesions
    - - Burns
        
        Concentration of the electric field
        
        Excess current
        
        Hypersensitive skin
        
        Impaired blood flow
        
        Leads touching the skin
        
        Scalds
        
        Overdose
        
        Precipitation of gangrene
        
        Electric shock
        
        Sparking
        
        Faintness
        
        Giddiness
        
        Damage to equipment
      - Contraindications
        
        Haemorrhage
        
        Venous thrombosis or phlebitis
        
        Arterial disease
        
        Pregnancy
        
        Metal in the tissues
        
        Disturbed skin sensation
        
        Tumours
        
        X-ray therapy
        
        Patients at particular risk
        
        Adverse effects and
        operator safety
        
        Heart pain among Male PT
        -
        
        Fetal malformation and abortion
        -
        
        Capacitive electrodes recorded a higher E field than drum and inductive coils.
        -
        
        Coplanar arrangement emit a
        lesser stray field than a
        contraplanar arrangement.
        -
        Practice recommendation:
        
        standing at the end of a diathermy
        console opposite the applicator instead of in front of the unit
        
        and once the machine
        has been turned on,
        the therapist should maintain a distance of at least 1 m from the machine,
        cables and electrodes throughout the treatment period.