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Concept Map: Digestive System; Harmanjot Singh, Period 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Physical breaking of leaguer food into smaller pieces
      - doesn't alter chemical
      - Mastication- Chewing movement (mouth)
      - Segmentation:- Mixing/churning movement (stomach)
      - Peristalsis:- Wave/ripping (esophagus, intestine)
    - - Breaks food into simpler chemicals
      - Absorbedby cells in the body
      - Work with help of enzymes
  - - - Pepsin - protein > amino acids
      - Protease- peptide > amino acids
      - Proteins > Peptides > amino acids
    - - Amylase - ploy > di
      - Maltase - glucose
      - Polysaccharides > disaccharides > monosaccharides
      - Lactase - gl/galactose
      - Sucrase - gl/fructose
    - - Nuclease- nucleotides
      - Pancreas
    - - Fats > Fatty acids
      - Lipase > fatty acids/ glycerol
  - - - Absorbs:- water, vit K and B
    - - Contains villi/microvilli
      - Aborbs;- water, vit, minerals
      - does most of the work 90%
  - - - Long irregularly shaped tube open at both ends approx
      - Mouth, S.I, L.I, pharynx, stomach, esophagus
    - - Teeth, tongue S.G, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
  - - - Produce mucus for reduction
      - Friction and protections
      - Epitheliu
        
        Varies by location
        
        Simple columnar
        
        Absorption and secretion
      - Lamina propria
        
        Areolar C.T
        
        Contains blood and lymphatic vessels
        
        Lymph node for nourishment and immunity
      - Muscularis mucose
        
        2 thin layers of smooth muscles
    - - Areolar C.T
      - Elastic fibers to retain shape
      - Submucosal plexus
        
        Autonomic nerve supply
        
        Glands and lymphatic tissue
    - - Muscle layer
      - 2 layers of smooth muscles
        
        peristalsis
        
        segmentation
        
        Inner circular layer
        
        Squeeze size of lumen
        
        Area act as sphincter
        
        Outer longitudinal layer
        
        Shortens intestine
      - Mysenteric plexus
        
        nerves
      - External anal sphincter S.M
    - - Outer covering of GI tract
      - Serous membrane
        
        Areolar C.T
        
        Simple squamous epithelium
        
        Produces serous fluid for lubrication
        
        Covers outside of abdominal organs
        
        Attaches - wall of the abdominopelvic cavity called mesenteries
- - - - muscular digestive tube
      - Digestsfood and absorbs the building blocks
      - For example:-
        
        Mouth
        
        pharynx
        
        anus
        
        large intestine/small intestine
        
        Stomach
        
        Esophagus
    - - breakdown of foodstuffs
      - For example
        
        Teeth
        
        tongue
        
        Gallbladder
        
        liver
        
        salivary glands
        
        pancreas
  - - - receive food and begins mechanical digestion by mastication
      - Opening for food > ingestion
      - saliva contains enzymes that starts chemical D.
      - Move food > bolus
      - Anterior opening > oral orifice
      - Roof-
        
        Har and soft plate > Uvula
      - Floor-
        
        Formed by tongue and muscles
    - - B/w palate and tongue
      - tenth, cheeks, and lips > vestibule
    - - Lips - keeps food in mouth
      - Teeth - breaks down food
        
        Food + saliva = bolus
      - Palate - roof of mouth
      - Uvula- muscle (covers nasopharynx)
      - Cheeks and lips- (detail)
        
        Cheeks - lateral walls of the mouth
        
        Lips- surround the mouth opening, judge the temperature and texture of food
      - Tongue- (detail)
        
        Covers by mucous membrane with taste buds
        
        Floor of the mouth by > lingual frenulum
        
        Papullae > also provide friction for moving food around in the mouth
      - Palate- (detail)
        
        Hard and soft plate
        
        Soft palate and uvula function to close off the nasal cavity
        
        Platine tonsils- back of mouth
        
        Lymphatic tissue mass > pharyngeal tonsils
      - Teeth- (detail)
        
        2 sets of teeth develop in sockets
        
        Maxillary
        
        Mandibular bones
        
        Chewing, teeth break food into smaller pieces, beginning M.D
  - - - Maticate (chew) food into smaller pieces
      - Mechanaical breakdown of food
      - 4 types:
        
        Incisors - cut
        
        Canines (cuspid) - tear and shred
        
        Premolars (bicuspid) - crush and grind
        
        Molars - Crush/grind
  - - - Contain - serous cells > water fluid with salivary amylase
      - Mucous cells > lubricating and binding muscus
      - Triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the sight or smell of food.
    - - Parotid glands > largest - secrete a clear and watery fluid
      - Submandibular glands > floor of mouth- more viscous fluid (serous and mucous)
      - Sublingual glands > inferior tongue- smallest of major S.G and think and stringy
    - - Keep oral cavity moist
      - Lubricates (dissolves/ breaksdwon of food)
      - Contain- Salivary Amylase
      - Produces approx. 1 L of saliva per day
      - 3 pairs of glands:-
        
        Parotid
        
        Submandibular
        
        Sublingual
  - - - Structure:-
        
        Connect the nasal and oral cavities
        
        Divided into- nasopharynx, oroparynx, largyngopharynx
      - Function:-
        
        Passage ways for food
        
        Deglutition- swallowing
        
        Epiglotties- Closes food goes into esophagus
        
        Food is mixed with saliva - bolus
        
        Sensory receptors in the pharynx sense food, which triggers wallowing reflex
        
        Peristalsis transports the food in the esophagus to the stomach
        
        Esophagus- straight, mucus to the moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube.
        
        Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus.
    - - Function:-
        
        Connects pharynx to the stomach
        
        Passageway only for food
        
        Digestion function = propulsion, moves the food (bolus) by peristalsis
        
        Peristalsis- rhythmic wavelike contraction by muscular layer wall
        
        Connecta to stomach at lower > esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
        
        Circular ring of muscle
- - - - Cardia and the fundus- enlarged opening next too esophagus and temporary storage.
      - Body- central main part
      - 3. Pylorus(pyloric)- Lower narrow section > duodenum
  - - - HCI- (parietal cells) Kills bacteria and denatures/digests protein
      - Pepsin- breaks peptide binds in protein (chief cells)
      - Intrinsic factor- Helps S.I absorb vitamin B12
      - Mucous cells- Produce mucus> protects the stomach lining
    - - Soupy mixture of macerated food and gastric juices
- - - - Protease:- Protein
      - Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase:- proteins
      - Lipase:- lipids
      - Amylase:- Carbohydrates > HCI in stomach amylase > stops carb digestion
      - Nuclease - nucleic acids
- - - - Segmentation and peristalsis
      - Back/ forth movement
      - Mixes/ breaks down chime food
      - Chyme > secretions from pancreas/liver > intestinal juices
    - - Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices
    - - Water/ nutrients most
      - Villi & Microvilli- Increase surface area
      - Lacteals- Lymphatic capillaries? fat absorption
  - - - Liver > bile > fats
      - Pancreas > pancreatic juices
      - Chemical digestion
    - - Absorption
      - Circular folds to increase surface area
    - - Absorbs vitamins and bile salts
      - Ileocecal sphincter (valve) - joins small intestine to large intestine
- - - - Retroperitoneal
      - Right side
      - Bend > right colic (hepatic) fixture