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EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS - Coggle Diagram
EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
Origin of life
RNA can be generated from primordial soup / basic entropic conditions
2 aminooxazole generates RNA after UV exposure instead of other similar molecules
Ribose generated with borate co-factor
absence of borate results in brown tar which cannot attract nucleotide
Montmorillonite minerals
body plan
ribosomes replicate by ribozyme
Germline mutation
Source of genetic variation
germline
chromosomal
structural aberration
numerical chromosome aberrations
visible under microscopy
CNVs
variation in gene copy number between inidviduals
indels
1-1000bp
substitutions
meiotic recombination
Detection
Germline allows accurate measure of mutation rate.
de novo mutation
caused by a mutation in 1 parental germline
mutation present in child but not parents
De novo mutation only represent diversity of the 2 gametes that gave rise to individual, not other gametes.
Infants carry less de novo mutation than natural occurence in germline gametes due to selection.
de novo mutation cause stillborn and adolescent diseases
Human mutation rate measured in germline, not de novo mutations
Mechanism
mismatch repair
Detect mismatch between non complementary bases.
polymerase's exonuclease cuts in 3' to 5' to excise incorrect base
DNA polymerase proofreading
Potential errors of strand synthesis.
Substitution: Incorrect nucleotide base added.
Indel: Polymerase slips, skipping a base.
DAN damage
Creating genes
De Novo Gene
originates from non-coding sequences
Molecular clock + phylogeny