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Understanding and explaining social reality - Coggle Diagram
Understanding and explaining social reality
human
Humans need differ amongst
• Language
• Religion
• Traditions
All humans
• must eat
• must sleep
• must have shelter
• classify by kinship
• develop some kind of social system
economic system practiced.
Society
definition
a body of individuals living as members of a community (Hunt & Colander 1993: 110)
Charateristics
• Societies must be bound by established relationships; they must be organised
• Characteristics of a society are shaped and changed over time – as innovations are introduced by its members.
• Societies have a continued existence over time.
Culture
Defenition
Because they interact most with members of the same group, each group/society comes to share similar values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour
Why have humans been able to develop culture
Humans have unique biological qualities, such as highly complicated vocal equipment, a well developed brain, grasping thumbs, upright posture, and stereoscopic vision
The importance of symbols
Humans are able to create culture because of their ability to create and use symbols. This allows us to transmit information to our offspring in ways animals can’t. We teach through symbols – by showing or telling.
Symbols
• Language
• Gestures
• Use of space
culture
• a groups of people live together, a way of life
• the product of a social group (society)
• Everything that humans make, use, learn, know & believe. It is how they behave, what they share with each other and transmit to each new generation.
• Cultures are in a constant state of flux.
• Culture presupposes society because it develops thru the association of human beings.
Social integration:
defined
the extent to which a society is internally consistent and homogenous.
Subcultures
Subcultures are groups within a society that have distinctive features and interests that set them apart, yet still have the principal features of that culture and identify with the values of that culture.
The qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.
Examples of subcultures within a society
students; lawyers; the elderly; ethnic groups; artists; regional groups; immigrants; fishermen; gay people; poor people
Countercultures
defined
Counter cultures are a group within a society whose values and lifestyle are in opposition to those of the wider society.
Counter cultures are a group within a society whose values and lifestyle are in opposition to those of the wider society.
counter culture changes according to the historical and social-structural specificities
Who is metrosexual man
• a single young man with a high disposable income, living or working in the city (because that’s where all the best shops are).
• An urban male with a strong sense of fashion who spends a great deal of time and money on his appearance and lifestyle. The opposite of macho man.
• They go to hairdressers rather than barbers, avoid using soap because it's too harsh on their skin, visit the gym instead of playing sport and even have difficulty deciding what to wear.
socialization
defined
Socialization is the process that shapes the personalities of individuals so that they can adjust to and become members of society. (Hunt & Colander 1993: 110).
What are the elements of culture
Social Values
Honesty, courage, justice, respect for the law, respect for others.
Social Norms
• Norms are reflections of values
• Norms are rules or standards about the right or correct way to act.
• Norms are internalized as belief system
• Norms indicate how society expects the individual to behave in various circumstances
Folkways
• the patterns of conventional behavior in a society, norms that apply to everyday matters. They are the conventions and habits learned from childhood.
• Simple everyday customs of a group that represent the usual ways of behaving, such as greetings, eating utensils, sleeping, social space, gestures.
Mores (mor-rays)
• The fundamental ideas about what is right/wrong, virtuous and sinful.
• Mores are much more strictly enforced than folkways.
• More are important because they involve moral vision based on social cohesion, continuity, and community in human life.
Taboos
• Eating human flesh - cannibalism
• Incest - having sex with relatives
• Pedophilia - adults having sex with children
Laws
Social institutions
Defined
Institutions are usually organized around a central interest or need of human beings and society, in order for the individual to survive and society to prosper
five basic institutions societies
• The family
• Government
• The economy
• Education
• Religion hip with others who express similar beliefs.
Material products
• Cultural artifacts, considered essential for society to function. Examples of material products: cars, computers, airplanes, telephones, supermarkets, factories.
Language
• Words plus a system for their use, the meaning of which is shared and understood by people in the same community, nation, geographical area or cultural tradition.
• Language encompasses cultural assumptions and ideas. It allows us to transmit culture, by telling or writing. Language allows culture to accumulate.
• Every language has words or expressions that have no counterpart in another language.
• Some words do not translate well.