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H+S Definitions - Coggle Diagram
H+S Definitions
Stats
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SE: A measure of the accuracy with which a sample represents a population. SE= SD/square root of Sample size
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CI: Range of values from a sample that likely contain the mean. Width proportional to extent of certainty around estimate of effect.
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PPV: Probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease. Contra for NPV
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Research
Reflexivity: Examination of one's own beliefs, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research
Triangulation: A technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources
Validity testing: Face, construct
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Prevention/Protection
Prevention Paradox
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Preventative measures that bring large benefits to whole community often have little benefit to each participating individual
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For example, most people will wear seat-belts while driving for their entire life without being involved in a crash. The widespread wearing of seat-belts has produced benefits to many societies but little benefit to most individuals.
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Pros- large potential for change, radical
Cons- small benefit to the individual, little motivation for patients, questionable benefit: risk ratio
A preventative measure which brings great change to the population offers little to the participating individual.
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Tertiary
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Antiplatelets, CABG in MI/ Stroke
Bias
Length time: Overestimation of survival duration due excess of cases that are slowly progressing, while fast progressing cases are detected after giving symptoms.
Ascertainment Bias: Systematic differences in the identification of individuals included in a study or distortion in the collection of data in a study.
Increase rate of cancer due to increased surveillance/screening
Lead time: Better survival rates those screened early: Increased perceived survival time without affecting the disease course