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Topic 5: generic, Inheritance, & Polymorphism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - is a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly reusable collection data structures.
        it uses the concept of generics
    - - Three main types of collections
        
        Lists
        
        always ordered, may contain duplicates and can be handled the same way as usual arrays
        
        Maps
        
        connect unique keys with values, provide random access to its keys and may host duplicate values
        
        Sets
        
        cannot contain duplicates and provide random access to their elements
- - - - Overloaded methods
        
        two or more methods share the same name but parameters are different.
      - Redefined methods
        
        : child or derived classes define methods with exactly the same name and parameters as used in the parent or base class.
      - Overridden methods
        
        it is similar to redefined methods except they are dynamically bound.
    - - The method name in an object is used for reference only.
        The method needs to be bound to code (i.e. the definition) in order to perform its actions.
        Method binding can occur in two situations
        
        Pre-bound, before the program runs => static binding
        
        Static binding is about binding “at compile time”.
        The code which the method to be bound with is decided by the compiler.
        Methods that are statically bound are constant or unchanged throughout the execution of programs. Thus term static binding.
        All methods (except overridden methods) are statically bound (e.g., redefined, overloaded, constructors, destructors, etc.)
        
        During the execution of program => dynamic binding
        
        Dynamic binding is about binding “at runtime”.
        The code which the method to be bound with is decided by the program at runtime (not by the compiler).
        Methods that are dynamically bound can change from one code to another. Thus term dynamic binding.
        Dynamic binding applies to overridden methods.
        This is done by specifying the methods as virtual (in the parent class)