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Mariah Hernandez p.3 Digestive system - Coggle Diagram
Mariah Hernandez p.3
Digestive system
Major functions of the digestive system
Function: digestion and absorption of food for metabolism
Roof- formed by hard and soft palate
Floor- formed by tongue and it muscles
Mouth: opening for food and food enters the mouth
chews (mastication) and lubricates food with saliva
saliva contains enzymes that starts chemical digestion
Tongue:
a thick muscular organ covered by mucous membrane with taste buds
attached to the mouth by moving food in mouth
Cheecks and lips
checks form the lateral walls of the mouth involved in expressions and chewing
lips mobile structures that surround the mouth opening
Palate:
Palate is the roof of the oral cavity
Palatine tonsils associated w/ palate in the back of the mouth
lymphatic tissue mass= pharyngeal tonsils
Teeth:
Develop 2 sets
different teeth are used for different things; incisor, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars
function:
masticate food into smaller pieces
-mechanical breakdown
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract (GI)
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Pharynx and Esophagus
cavity behind the mouth
a muscular tube leading to the stomach
Structure of pharynx
connects nasal and oral cavities w/ the larynx and esophagus and is divided into the nasopharynx
Function: Passage way for food (and air) from mouth to esophagus
deglutition- swallowing
Epiglottis- closes so food goes into esophagus
Esophagus: leads to the stomach
lower esophageal ( cardiac) sphincter prevents back flow
Function:
connects pharynx to stomach
for food only
digestive function= propulsion
moves food by peristalisis
Perstalsis- rhythmic wavelike contraction by muscular layers of wall
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
Salivary gland: (accessory organ)
secretes saliva, moistens and dissolves food particles, and begins carbohydrate digestions
Salivary Secretion:
contains serous cells= produce watery liquid w/ salivary amylase
receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the sight or smell of foos
Major Salivary Glands:
parotid gland (largest) secretes a clear watery fluid rich in amylase
submandibular gland secrete a viscous fluid
Sublingual glands (smallest) secretes a saliva that is thick and stringy
Gall Bladder: connects with the small intestine and is under the liver
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Proteins (stomach and small intestine)
Proteins —> peptides—> amino acid
Pepsin —> protein —> peptide
Protease —> peptide —> amino acid
Carbohydrates (mouth and small intestine)
Polysaccharides —> disaccharides —> monosaccharides
Amylase —> poly —> di
Disaccaride —> monosaccaride
Maltase —> glucose
Lactase —> glucose and galactose
sucrase —> glucose and fructose
DNA/RNA (pancreas)
Nucleic acid —> nucleotides
Nuclease —> nucleotides
Lipids (small intestine)
Fats —> fatty acids
Lipase —> fatty acids and glycerol
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
chemically digested food moves from intestine into blood and lymph
contains villi and microvilli for absorption
Aborbs:
water
fats
carbohydrates
proteins
Vitamins
minerals
proteins— stomach and small intestine
lipids — small intestine
DNA/RNA — pancreas
Carbhohydrates — smal intestine
enzymes - produced by border cells and break down proteins and carbs into their monomers
reduces peptides to amino acids
Paptidases: reduces succors to glucose and frutose
Sucrase: reduces frutous to luscious
HCI- breaks down peptides board into proteins
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Alimentary Canal
long irregularly shaped tube open at both ends approx: 9m
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Layers of the wall of Gi Tract
from the most inner layer or lining, to the exterior:
mucose
submucose
muscular layer
serosa
Mucosa:
Mucous membrand- produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
Simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus protection against friction - Muscularis mucosae
Two thin layers of smooth muscle
Submucosa:
Areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel
Many elastic fibers to retain shape
Submucosal plexus
Autonomic nerve supply
Glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis layer:
Muscle layer
Two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
Inner circular layer: squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act sphincter or valves
Outer longitudinal layer: shortens intestine
Myenteric plexus
Serosa:
Outer covering of the GI tract
Serous membrane
Composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Produce serous fluid for lubrication
attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvi cavity by forming folds called mesenteries
Disorders of the digestive system
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease: heartburn happens and uncontrol able GERD can lead to bleeding in the esophagus
Chronic Diarrhea: uncontrollable urgency; can occur if body doesn’t absorb foods
Chronic Constipation: meaning having 3 bowel movements a week for only a couple weeks
Gall stone: blocks ducts and hepatic duct
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
can be because of viruses