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Digestive& Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Digestive& Urinary System
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
Subdivisions
lymph nodules
nerve fibers
connective tissue
functions in nutrition and protection
Muscularis externa
cause food to move and churn together with digestive enzymes down the GI tract
segmental contractions and peristaltic movement
Mucosa
functions in absorption and secretion
Subdivisions
lamina propria
muscular layer
surface epithelium
protects against bacterial invasion
Serosa
secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements
Made up of visceral peritoneum
Digestive enzymes
Pepsin
produced in the stomach
helps break down proteins into amino acids
Trypsin
produced in the pancreas
breaks down proteins
Amylase
produced in the mouth
helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Pancreatic lipase
produced in the pancreas
break apart fats
Lipase
Break down lipids
Nucleases
Break down nucleic acid
Proteases
Breaks down proteins
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract or gut)
pharynx
, esophagus
mouth
stomach
small intestine
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
large intestine
anus
Accessory digestive organs
Gallbladder
chief function is storage of bile
Digestive glands
Liver
digestive function is production of bile
Pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Salivary glands
Tongue
Teeth
Major organs of the urinary systems
Urinary Bladder
Retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
Females: anterior to vagina and uterus
Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Urine storage capacity
Collapses when empty
Expands and rises superiorly during filling without significant rise in internal pressure
Ureter
slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
Enter base of bladder through posterior wall
As bladder pressure increases, distal ends of ureters close, preventing backflow of urine
Urethra
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Kidneys
Kidneys, a major excretory organ, maintain the body’s internal environment
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Producing erythropoietin
Kidneys are part of the urinary system
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
three distinct regions
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption
The small intestine and the pancreas both produce many digestive enzymes that are responsible for breaking down the many macromolecules found in the small intestine
Macromolecules
Nucleic acids
Protiens
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Major functions of the digestive system
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Mechanical breakdown: includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation.
Segmentation: local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
Take in food
Ingestion: eating
Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal
Swallowing
Peristalsis: major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Major functions of the urinary system
regulates blood volume and blood pressure
controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites
Gets rid of waste in body
regulates blood Ph
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Two main parts
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Highly porous capillaries
Glomerular capsule
Consists of two layers
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
Renal tubule
the structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinalysis: urine is examined for signs of disease
Assessing renal function requires both blood and urine examination