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APUSH Period 4, Ahmad Spot - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Instead were mostly yeoman/ subsistence farmers
      - racial supremacy idea prevented class warfare
  - - - Creation of Catholic Churches and Synogouges
    - - many are skilled craftsmen and entrepeneurs
  - - - National Typographical Union (1852) and Stone Cutters (1853) has degree of success
      - skilled worker unions more successful than unskilled worker unions
      - Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v Hunt (1842): unions are ok as long as legal means to achieve goals
      - Factory Girls Association - two strikes in 1834 and 1836
    - - Leisure time - sports, circuses, etc.
      - Educated, largely protestant
  - - - roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements
  - - - now you can go upstream!
    - - demonstrated before congress in 1801
  - - - Ended up being funded by state gov'ts
      - Erie Canal in NY, completed in 1825 (see transportation improvements sub topic)
    - - Protect NE Manufactures with high tariffs
    - - Renewal vetoed by Jackson (1832). In 2nd term, he explicitly killed it (didnt just wait for it to expire)
  - - - Lowell's Waltham System
      - At first, worked by unmarried middle class women, then by poor immigrants, bad conditions, low pay
- - - - Henry David Thoreau, spent 2 years sitting in a cave without material things to gain human perfection, wrote findings in a book called Walden (1854). Also wrote Civil Disobedience (1849)
      - Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote On Self-Reliance (1841)
      - critical of materialism; believed in intuition rather than in empirical observation
    - - Camp Meetings: Many preachers go for hours on end to awaken the masses
      - Burned Over District in Upstate NY
      - Charles Grandison Finney, emotional with little philosophy, understandable speech
      - Women: got their husbands to be responsible and go to church and not get drunk
        
        Temperance Movement, avoidance of alcohol, had a large focus on working class men
        
        Prohibition
        
        American Temperance Society, founded 1826 by Lyman Beecher, combined clergy and businessmen
        
        Led to "Dry" and "Wet" states
        
        Fizzled out by 1870s
        
        1st Wave Feminism
        
        Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
        
        Declaration of Sentiments, written at Seneca Falls Convention, restated declaration of indep. with gender-equal language
        
        Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
        
        Wanted suffrage
        
        Abolitionist Movement
        
        William Lloyd Garrison, radical abolitionist, wrote The Liberator, burned constitution as a pro-slavery document and therefore immoral, did not advocate violence. Magazine called "The Liberator"
        
        Frederick Douglass, wrote autobiography which underscored the dehumanization. "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" (1845)
        
        Still a minority in the North
        
        David Walker, "David Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World" (1829) -- resist slavery by any and all means
        
        American Colonization Society (1817): send african americans back to africa. not very popular
        
        Slave Uprisings
        
        Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831
        
        Response: Virginia beat and clamped down on slaves
        
        Nat Turner felt he was apointed by God, he killed his master and local plantation masters but Virginia squashed the next day, the people were all lynched
        
        Gained more steam with foreign abolishment of slavery, EX. Britain 1834
        
        Cult of Domesticity
      - Improvement of society
      - new religions developed: Mormonism
        
        went to Utah since unorthodox teachings that were unpopular (no holy trinity, polygamy)
      - Just like success from market revolution in individual's hands, salvation is in individual's hands
    - - Shakers
        
        Celibate, made furniture
      - Oneida
        
        Equality in marriage (everyone married to everyone, free love), made silverware
      - Connection to Penn's Holy Experiment
      - Brook Farm (1841): George Ripley, residents equally share labor and leisure
  - - - Art: Hudson River School, art focused on pristine nature but also showed the encrocaching humanity
      - The Last of the Mohicans (1826), Rip Van Winkle (1819), The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820)
  - - - Establishes judicial review (SCOTUS can review and strike down acts from legislature and executive)
      - makes SCOTUS actually relevant
  - - - Democratic-Republicans vs Federalist
      - Republican agricultural areas grew faster
      - Hartford Convention (1814-15) (opposition to War of 1812) killed Federalists
        
        News of Hartford Convention, Battle of New Orleans led by Andrew Jackson, and Treaty of Ghent reached the people at the same time despite occurring at different times
      - Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825) with only 1 viable party. national unity, etc
        
        generally aligns with James Monroe's presidency (1817-25)
        
        one-party and also nationalism since we beat britain in war of 1812
        
        election of 1824 split into democrats and whigs, end of good feeling
        
        "corrupt bargain"
    - - Democrats: jacksonians from democratic-republican
        populist, arguing that high tariffs would "fatten" urban commercial interests
      - Whigs: anti-jacksonian, led by Henry Clay
        supported govt programs aimed at economic modernization
    - - "corrupt bargain" in election of 1824, Clay threw support for Adams in electoral 4-way that went to the House and was appointed secretary of state, conspired?
      - led to Jacksonian Democracy
      - first modern election: large electorate
        
        people SOUGHT out presidency, ran ads against the opponent, exploited sectional differences
      - property qualifications abolished by the time this election came
        
        throughout the 1820s, they were abolished
  - - - reduced trade b/w US and EU: hit south hard
    - - 1832, SC said states can nullify federal legislation
      - Reached compromise, tariffs reduced
      - one of first instances of states' rights versus federal power
      - Force Bill (1833): Congress authorized Jackson to use military force to collect taxes from SC
    - - led to Panic of 1837
- - - - Second Barbary Wars (1815) Barbary started attacking US again during war of 1812. After US won the war, Madison attacked Barbary states. 3 days and won - full shipping rights in Mediterranean
    - - Embargo Act (1807 Under Jefferson): cut US trade to all foreign ports. wildly unpopular, crippled NE
      - Non-Intercourse Act (1809): trade w/ everyone but BR and FR. unpopular since those were two biggest partners
      - Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810): if GB or FR respect usa, usa no trade with their enemy. FR accept, usa stop trade with GB. pushed two nations to brink of war
    - - BR seized DC, invaded Capitol
        
        flashbacks
      - Andrew Jackson victory at New Orleans in 1815
      - Treaty of Ghent (1814): basically what it was before the war
      - Hartford Convention: Federalist meet to oppose War of 1812. Kind of led to their demise
    - - Sec of State John Q Adams had most influence on this. He wrote it
      - Stay away Spain
      - Counted on BR as an ally (canada still a holding and wanted to keep it)
  - - - Missouri wanted to come in as a slave state but balance needed to be upheld
      - Tallmadge Amendment (1819): come in as slave but would be free in 25 yrs TABLED
      - Missouri Compromise/ Compromise of 1820, said that Missouri is slave + new state in North called Maine, established 36' 30'' as boundary for slave/non-slave
        
        happened during era of good feelings: it wasn't all fine and dandy
  - - - Forced Indians to move West
      - Some never left, becoming the Eastern band of the Cherokee Indians and became citizens… eventually
    - - Jackson ignored it: "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it."
      - Treaty of New Echota (1835): Officially traded Eastern lands for reservations out West
        
        signed by a minority faction in Cherokee tribe
        
        not approved by the Cherokee National Council nor signed by Principal Chief John Ross
        
        ratified nonetheless
        
        legal basis for trail of tears
    - - granting the United States government sole authority to regulate interactions between Indians and non-Indians.
  - - - Polk elected in 1844 on platform of Texas annexation (and 54'40). In lame duck period, saw writing on the wall, John Tyler annexed Texas
    - - contrast to WL Garrison, who said it was pro-constitution and burned it
    - - Bible used to defend slavery -- the "curse of Ham" is one example
      - "Mudsill Theory" by James Henry Hammond in 1858: lower class needed to exist to do menial work so that higher class can do actual cool elevated stuff
      - South said North's "wage-slaves" are worse than real slaves. George Fitzhugh popular slavery defender. Some said slavery was "positive good" for slaves