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Macromolecules Graphic Organizer - Coggle Diagram
Macromolecules Graphic Organizer
Carbohydrates
Structure Of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides (Double Sugars)
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide molecules bond in a dehydration reaction. This forms a glycosidic bond. However in the process an H2O molecule is removed. Disaccharides are used as energy storage and as a building block for larger molecules.
Maltose - Grain Sugar
Lactose - Milk Sugar
Sucrose - Table Sugar
Polysaccharides (Complex Sugars)
Polysaccharides are a long chain of monosaccharides that are linked by glycosidic bonds. These chains can be branched as well. A few examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose. Starch and glycogen are storages for carbohydrates and cellulose is a structural complex carbohydrate.
Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be broken down into more smaller and simpler sugars by hydrolysis. This is a chemical reaction that uses water to break bonds to form to more more new substances. Sucrose can be broken down by water to create a glucose and fructose molecule.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that consist of 1 monomer subunits. They contain 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. They are an energy source for organisms.
Fructose - A sugar found commonly in fruits
Galactose - Found in milk products
Glucose - An important source of energy
Ribose - Sugar Component Of DNA
Deoxyribose - Sugar Component Of DNA
Monosaccharides are based on the position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the back bone.
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are isomers as they have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement.
Monosaccharides can be identified by the number of carbons. An example can be a hexose sugar. Hexose sugar is a sugar with 6 carbons. This can be a glucose. Therefore glucose is a hexose sugar.
Monosaccharides form a ring structure when dissolved in water. However they are linear in a dry state.
Molecules
Macromolecules- Macromolecules are a complex molecule that are made from polymers and monomers. These are covalently linked together.
Monomers - a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules. They are the foundation and can be known as building blocks.
Polymer- Polymers are a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain.
Definition: Carbohydrates are large biological molecules that only consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The general empirical formula is (CH2O)n.
Functions
Carbohydrates can also be apart of the membrane. These carbs play a structural role as a physical barrier and participate in cell recognition (differentiating cells and letting certain cells in).
Carbs can also provide structural support. Mostly the polysaccharide carbs contribute to the building of cellular structure. Especially in plants, polysaccharides create a solid wall around plants cells and shape the plant's structure. This polysaccharide that structures plants is called cellulose.
Carbohydrates are broken down to mainly glucose. These are our bodies preferred source of energy. These monosaccharides are used as a source for not just our body but as well as cells in our brain, muscles and many other tissues. The monosaccharides are directly absorbed by the small intestine into the bloodstream. They are then transported to where they are needed.
Carbohydrates break and release carbon atoms. These atoms can be seen as raw material for an organism's biochemistry. The carbon can join with other chemicals in the body and develop the body further. This is a process called biochemical synthesis.
Lipids
Lipids are the body's main form of stored energy. plasma membranes and hormones.
Roles
Lipids are also a source of metabolic water. Stored lipids are metabolized for energy during respiration. This produces water and carbon dioxide.
Stored lipids can provide insulation in extreme environments. Increased body fat levels reduce heat loss.
Fat can absorb shocks. Therefore organs are cushioned with a thick layer of fat in order to protect the organ from bumps and shocks
Lipids includes fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes.
Steroids
Steroid is a lipid that has a 4 carbon ring and a OH functional group. These do not contain any fatty acids and are considered lipids because they are hydrophobic. A few steroids are cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. These are very important steroids.
Testosterone is the male sex hormone which helps develop the male body and its reproductive parts.
Estrogen and progesterone are both female sex hormones that also help develop the female body and it's reproductive parts.
Cholesterol keep cell membrane fluids cold and maintains structures in warm temperatures.
Fat
Fat molecules are called triacyclglycerols or triglycerides. These molecules are made from a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails. These fat molecules are mostly stored in specialized fat cells known as adipocytes.
Glycerol is an organic compound that consist of three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms and three hydroxyl groups.
Fatty acids are long chains of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group is attached to.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain more than one C-C double bond. They tend to be liquid at room temperature as double bonds prevent kinks in the structure and stop it from packing together.
Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one C-C double bond. The hydrogens are removed. These hydrocarbon chains are bent and do not fit closely.
Saturated fatty acids are available bonds that are filled with hydrogen. They only have single bonds between carbons.
Triglycerides are formed when the hydroxyl group of the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl group on fatty acids through dehydration synthesis. This bond is called ester linkage and creates a O-C-O bond.
Hydrogenation is a process in which hydrogen atoms are added to double bonds in unsaturated triacyclglycerols. This forms a trans fat and not a cis fat.
Cis fat has a different arrangement than trans fat. Cis fat has chains of carbon atoms that are on the same side of the double bond, which results in a kink. This creates a bended chain.
Trans fat has hydrogen atoms that are on the opposite side of the double bonds of the carbon chain. This makes a straight fat molecule.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are a lipid bilayer of cell membranes. They are made from one glycerol, two hydrophobic fatty acids and hydrophilic phosphate group. Phosphate heads should face the water while their tails point towards the inside. Furthermore if a drop of phospholipids is placed in water, it can form a sphere shaped structure known as micelle.
Waxes
Waxes are fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings. They are non polar and form water proof coatings. They have a barrier against water loss and infections. It's what keeps birds dry and bees busy. Honeycombs/beeswax is a wax!
Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. This is because they are nonpolar molecules. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However in lipids the amount of oxygen is smaller.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of a combination of amino acids. These acids are folded into a 3D shape. The shape determines the protein's function. The R group of the amino acid is what gives the distinct properties.
There are 20 different amino acid R groups. 9 of them are essential as we consume them in our diets and 11 are non-essential that our body create. Side groups can be basic, acidic, polar or non polar.
Acidic Amino Acids possess a carboxyl group on their R group.
Basic Amino Acids possess an amino group on their R group.
Amino acids are the monomers that make up the protein. The bond that hold amino acids together are peptide bonds. They are formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction. This occurs between an amino group of an amino acid and carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid.
Functions
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
Each enzyme has a unique 3d shape that determines which reaction it speeds up.
The substrate is the reactant (chemical) that the enzyme acts on.
The substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme and form an enzyme substrate complex. The active site it the top region of an enzyme.
The product is the end chemical that is produced.
Types of reactions
Degradation reaction is what breaks down the bond and releases two molecules.
Synthesis is what bonds the two molecules and creates a new product.
Enzyme activity is impacted by temperature and ph. Both have an optimum range that can increase the enzyme concentration (speed). However anything other than the range can cause enzymes to denature.
Hormones are what regulate physical progress such as development, metabolism and reproduction.
Antibodies are proteins that link similar to a lock and key. These protect from foreign invaders such as viruses or bacteria.
Transport materials throughout the cell membrane and body.
Help structure the body such as hair, fingernails and much more.
Protein Structure
Proteins have 4 levels of structures that give them different characteristics to the protein itself.
The secondary structure folds and coils like a spring due to the polypeptide's growth. They are formed by H bonds between O atoms of a partially negative carboxyl group and H atoms of an partially positive amino group.
The tertiary structure undergoes a folding due to the R group interactions.
Primary Structure is the unique linear sequence of its amino acid. Changing even one amino acid in the primary structure will change the structure or destroy it.
The Quaternary structure is when two or more polypeptide chains come together to form a functional protein.
Denaturation is a process that involves the breaking of many weak bonds inside a protein molecule. These bonds are responsible for the structure of the protein. This can occur by heat, ph and salt concentrations.
Nucleic Acids
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
RNA has many different forms that are involved in protein synthesis in all cells.
In an RNA chain each nucleotide contains ribose, phosphate and nitrogenous bases. They are single stranded and are usually in cytoplasm.
Nucleic Acids serve as the assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms.
All nucleic acids are polymers of units called nucleotides(monomers). Nucleotides consist of 3 components: Pentose sugar (5 carbon ring- shaped sugar) Phosphate Group (PO4^3-) & Nitrogen base (ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms)
In nucleotides, the nitrogenous base links covalently to a pentose, either deoxyribose or ribose.
Purine Bases
Purine bases are two ringed organic structures. The two purine bases are adenine and guanine.
Adenine is formed when 2 hydrogen bonds attach to thymine. And Guanine forms when 3 hydrogen bonds with cytosine.
Pyrimidine Bases
These bases are single organic rings. The three pyrimidine bases are uracil, thymine and cytosine
Nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds between phosphate of one nucleotide and a sugar of next. These monomers are bonded by a phosphodiester bond. It becomes the backbone of nucleic acids.
The nucleic acid ladder are hydrogen bonds formed between specific nitrogen bases. This forms the double stranded DNA molecule. The nitrogen bases form the stairs and are attached to the backbone.
5 PRIME is the phosphate end and 3 PRIME is the deoxyribose sugar end.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA stores hereditary information that is responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes and in many viruses.
The difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA has a -H and ribose has an -OH group.
In DNA each nucleotide contains deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogen bases. They are double stranded and found in the nucleus of the cell.
