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The Digestive and Urinary Systems--Alondra Cobian (P.5), image - Coggle…
The Digestive and Urinary Systems--Alondra Cobian (P.5)
FUNCTIONS:
Digestive System
1) take in food
2) break it down into nutrient molecules
3) absorb molecules into bloodstream
4) get rid of the body's indigestible remains
Urinary System
1) regulate the total volume and total solute concentration in water
2) ensures long-term acid-base balance
3) excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
4) regulating blood pressure and renin
5) carrying out gluconeagneisis if needed
Major Organs
Digestive System--
Mouth-
-The beginning of the digestive tract where the salivary glands become activated and where you chew food in order to break it down and swallow into your throat and then esophagus.
Esophagus
--As we swallow the epiglotis closes in order to prevent any choking. Then through a series of contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach.
Sphincter
--It lets the food into the stomach but then it prevents contents in the stomach to flow back into the esophagus..if they flow back it's called acid reflux.
Stomach
--This is where the esophagus delivers food to and here enzymes break down the food into very small pieces and several cells like chief and parietal cells help break down the food to deliver to the small intestine.
Small Intestine
--It breaks down food even further using enzymes released from the bile form the liver and pancreas and it also absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream and once everything has been absorbed the bolus goes down into the large intestine.
Pancreas-
-it produces insulin and this is the main enzyme that metabolizes sugar.
Liver-
-Bile from the liver helps to emulsify fats and some vitamins it takes the raw materials in the body and makes them into chemicals that are needed to function. It also secretes and breaks down toxic chemicals in the body. The Gallbladder helps to emulsify fats.
Large Intestine-
-It processes waste so that emptying the bowel is convenient. There are "good bacteria" in the bowel and they help synthesize vitamins and protect against harmful bacteria.
Rectum/Anus
--It stores the waste and send a signal to the brain to ask if it;s okay to release but if it says no then it can be held temporarily and then when it is it goes out f=through the anus which is like another sphincter.
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase
--produced in the mouth, breaks down starch molecules into sugar molecules
Pepsin
--produced in the stomach and breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin
--produced in pancreas and breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic Lipase
--it's produced in the pancreas and breaks apart fats.
Gastrin
--signals the secretion of gastric acids
Major Organs
Urinary System
Kidney's
--filter blood and produce urine. They also remove waste and control the body's fluid balance.
Ureter
--carry urine from kidneys to bladder and they relax and tighten to force the urine downward.
Bladder
--hollow organ in the abdomen and its walls expand and relax to store urine. It empties the urine through the urethra
Sphincters
--keep urine from leaking by closing tightly around the opening of the bladder.
Absorption and Digestion of macronutrients
Carbohydrates
--Their breakdown first occurs with amylase in the mouth but then they are digested and broken down further in the small intestine.
Proteins
--They are digested in the stomach and then in the small intestine and then absorbed into the bloodstream.
fats
--The liver helps break down the fats but they are absorbed and digested in the small intestine.
The lymphatic vessels and capillaries also transport and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
GI Tract
1) mucosa 2) submucosa 3) muscularis propria 4) serosa
1) Mucosa
--It's made up of three additonal layers and it surrounds the lumen within the digestive tract
2) submucosa
--made up of dense irregular connective tissue or losse connective tissue and supports the mucosa
3) Muscularis Propria
--two different layers within and they help with peristalisis which is when the muscles contract for the movement of food etc.
4) Serous Layer
--parts the internal organs and abdominal cavity and it reduces friction and connects the bllod vessels.
Nephrons Anatomy and Physiology-
-fucntional unit of a kidney.
tubles
--helps with electrolytes and forms urine which means that it helps filter the blood.
Loop of Henile
--recovers water and sodium cholirde from urine
