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Digestive System, Karen Corona & Period 6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive System, Karen Corona & Period 6
Major functions of the digestive system
a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body
Food goes through alimentary canal and GI tract
Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body
Swallowing.
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Digestion of food into smaller pieces
Digestion is the process of turning large pieces of food into its component chemicals
Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
These fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile
Ingestion of food
mouth is responsible for this function
Excretion of wastes
excretion of waste in a process known as defecation
Absorption of nutrients
Absorption begins in the stomach with simple molecules like water
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins
Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form long chains
The digestion of protein starts in the stomach
Lipids
all lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine
Pancreatic lipase breaks down each triglyceride into two free fatty acids and a monoglyceride
Carbohydrates
The chemical digestion of starches begins in the mouth and has been reviewed above
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the three monosaccharides that are commonly consumed and are readily absorbed
Nucleic Acids
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are found in most of the foods you eat
Disorders of the digestive system
ulcers
ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus
Treatment usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If a bacteria is the cause, antibiotics may be needed
celiac disease
Celiac disease is an immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley
symptom is diarrhea, bloating, gas, fatigue, low blood count (anemia), and osteoporosis
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining
Symptoms include burning pain in the chest that usually occurs after eating
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
nflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to those conditions that cause chronic irritation, redness, and swelling (inflammation) of the gastrointestinal tract
mounts an attack on food and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in chronic inflammation in the intestines
affects the lower part of the small intestine
any part of the digestive tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of the digestive system
Amylase
produced in the mouth
helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Trypsin
produced in the pancreas
breaks down proteins
Pepsin
produced in the stomach
helps break down proteins into amino acids
Pancreatic lipase
produced in the pancreas
is used to break apart fats
Deoxyribonuclease
produced in the pancreas
enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
Major organs of the digestive system
Stomach
receives food from your esophagus and sends it to your small intestine
food is churned around and mixed with enzymes and acid until it's a liquid, called chyme
Esophagus
It takes food about three seconds to pass through your esophagus
As food is swallowed, your esophagus expands
Mouth
because digestion begins in your mouth
teeth grind the food you eat and mix it with saliva to form a kind of ball, known as a bolus
the tongue pushes it to the back of your mouth and swallows it down the esophagus
Small intestine
approximately 24-foot long muscular tube
divided into three distinct parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Large intestine
is a muscular tube that is about 5 feet long. It's divided into the cecum, colon, and rectum
pancreas
assists your small intestine by secreting pancreatic juice, a liquid filled with enzymes and sodium
Liver
produces bile, which the small intestine uses to help digest the fats in food
metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Galbladder
storage container for bile
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
COntains many elastic fibers to retain shape and are areolar ct containing blood vessels
Automatic nerve supply with glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis
Muscle layer
Two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
Squeeze decrease size of lumen in some areas act as sphincter or valves
Outer Layer- Shortens intestine
Mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus and anal sphincter, voluntary muscle
Mucosa(Inner most)
Produce mucus for reduction of friction and protection
Epithelium
NOnkeratinized, stratified Squamous in mouth esophagus ands and protection against friction
Serosa(Outer most)
Outer covering of the GI tract
Serous membrane composed of thin layer of areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium
Produces serous fluid for ubrication
COvers the outside of abdominal organs