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THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618-1648), image, image, image, image, image,…
THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
(1618-1648)
THE WAR
It was caused by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
The main phases of this war
Two sides were formed
The Emperor had the support of
The German Catholics
The king of Spain
Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany (They were defeated)
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire fought against them
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
The intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory
the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
the United Provinces resumed their fight against Spain
The Protestants were defeated and signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
Swedish participation
the German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
The King of Sweden came to their aid, creating a greater balance of military power
a peace treaty was signed
religious persecution would be stopped
Protestant property would be returned
Sweden would gain more power in the area
France joined the conflict
After the Surrender of Breda
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful.
This preoccupied France
Frace formed an alliance with the Protestants against the Catholic side
In 1643 the Battle of Rocroi
the French army defeated the Spanish troops
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
The main consequences
Sweden became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
The sovereignty of the German states was recognised
The Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
France obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire and became the leading power in Europe
the Peace of Westphalia did not end the conflicts between France and Spain and they continued to fight against each other
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM
In the monarchies of the Modern Age
the kings increased their power
when absolute monarchies were established, all the power was held by the king
France became an absolute monarchy
under King Louis XIV
His reign had the following characteristics
The monarch held unrestricted power
He had a large court of advisors
He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
He gave the administrative officials
He had a board of governors, ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had an extremely well organised professional army
He intervened in the economy
Absolutism was supported by the Church
Absolute power was considered a divine right
the king was God’s representative
everyone was accountable to the king
some thinkers considered an absolute monarchy to be the best possible political system
Absolutism began to spread to the majority of the European states
ENGLAND AND THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
The English King Charles I was an absolutist monarch
he needed to raise money
he summoned Parliament
He increased taxes
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
a civil war broke out (1642-1648)
between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
the King was executed
England became a republic
Its leader was Oliver Cromwell, who would become a dictator years later
The monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660
Parliament consisted of the Puritan bourgeoisie and Anglican nobles
the Glorious Revolution in 1680
when King James II tried to reinstate Catholicism
there was another uprising
Parliament expelled the King and replaced him with William III
This new monarch was willing to obey Parliament
he signed the Bill of Rights (1689)
recognising Parliament's authority
private property
restrictions to royal power
England was the first parliamentary monarchy
the king's power was restricted
the country was governed by a parliament
English Parliament consisted of two groups, political parties
The House of Lords, who represented the higher nobility.
The House of Commons, who acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
Freedom of the press
It was respected
positions were allocated through a voting system
it was not a democratic system, only the nobles and the rich bourgeoisie were allowed to participate
