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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LYMPH CIRCULATION
In addition to blood circulation, vertebrates (except fish) have a lymphatic system independent of the blood circulation.
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- Produces white blood cells and plays a role in the body's defense. (Lymphocyte)
- It allows the tissue fluid leaking from capillary blood vessels to participate in the blood circulation.
- ADEK vitamins, which are absorbed from the intestine, allow fatty acids and glycerol to join the bloodstream.
Lymph Vessels:
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- There are valves in the lymph veins. It prevents lymph fluid from flowing back.
- One end of the lymph capillaries is connected to the lymph veins. The other end goes through the tissues and is closed. It is more permeable than blood capillaries. In this way, large molecules and proteins in the tissue fluid pass into the lymph capillaries.
- The movement of fluid in lymph vessels is much slower than blood. Because there is no organ or artery that exerts pressure on the fluid like the heart. The movement of fluid in the lymph vessels is provided by the negative suction pressure of the heart (created by the relaxation of the atrium) and skeletal muscles.
Lymph Nodes:
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- There are many lymph nodes in the armpit, groin area, neck area.
- Lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes.
In case of heavy bacterial contamination, the bacteria enter the lymph nodes and cause the lymph nodes to swell.
Lymph: :red_flag:
Some tissue fluid that cannot pass into the blood vessels passes into the lymph vessels and forms the lymph fluid.
- It is colorless since it does not contain red blood cells. Lymph fluid is also called akkan.
- 95% of the plasma proteins passing between the blood capillaries and the tissue are taken into the lymph capillaries and brought to the blood vessels.
Lymph Circulation: It happens in two ways. Both lymph circulation enters the upper main veins and mixes with the blood.
Immune system
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The first line of defense: The creature that will cause the infection is prevented
from entering the body. It is formed by the mouth, nose, eyes, skin and the secretions of these structures.
The second line of defense: A non-specific war is fought to destroy the creature that has entered the body.
Phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, fever, inflammation is accomplished by inflammatory response.
Third line of defense: Special methods are used according to the type of creature that will cause the infection.
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Primary line and secondary line, nonspecific immunity (germ does not distinguish); the third line is specific immunity (the mechanism is chosen according to the type of microbes).
1) Nonspecific (Natural) Immunity:
It is performed regardless of the type of microorganism. It forms the 1st and 2nd lines of defense.
Phagocytic cells: These are cells that neutralize microorganisms by phagocytosis. There are cells in the liver, spleen, nerves, lymph nodes and lung that can phagocytosis.
Inflammatory reaction: Capillary blood vessels expand in the area where microorganisms enter the body due to a reason such as a cut. The amount of blood increases in that area. It becomes red and swollen, edema occurs. Histamine (Increases the permeability of blood capillaries) is secreted, with the effect of histamine, the white blood cells leave the vein and neutralize the organisms.
Natural Killer Cells: They are cells that detect viruses-infected or cancerous cells and secrete receptors for other cells to destroy these cells. In tissue and organ transplants, the activities of these cells can cause the body to reject the transplant.
Interferon: These are proteins secreted by virus-infected cells. Thanks to interferons, other cells perceive that viruses infect the body and synthesize antiviral proteins. Interferons can also be secreted by some white blood cells and natural killer cells, activating cells capable of phagocytosis.
2) Specific Immunity: It reacts by making a distinction according to the type of infectious agents. It forms the third line of defense.
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Molecules that are considered foreign by lymphocytes when they enter the body are called antigens. Proteins produced by lymphocytes against antigens are called antibodies.
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When the body encounters an antigen for the first time, the number of B and T lymphocytes begins to increase. Immunity is provided by synthesizing antibodies. This event is called primary response (immunity).
If the same antigen is encountered for the second time, antibodies are formed faster and stronger than the antigen is recognized. This is called secondary response (immunity).
Specific immunity; It occurs in two ways, cellular and humoral.
Cellular Immunity: When T lymphocytes encounter antigen, it directly intervenes and provides immunity. Also, some T lymphocytes can turn into memory cells.
Humoral (Liquid) Immunity: B lymphocytes that encounter antigen transform into plasma cells to produce antibodies and spread these antibodies to other cells through circulation. Also, some B lymphocytes turn into memory cells. Thus, when the same antigen enters the body again, it recognizes the antigens and provides a stronger response.
ACHIEVING IMMUNITY
1) Active Immunity: It occurs when lymphocytes produce antibodies. It can be achieved by passing a disease (natural) or by being vaccinated (artificial).
Vaccine: It is a substance that contains microorganisms or their antigens with reduced or destroyed ability to cause disease.
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2) Passive Immunity: It is the immunity provided by the
administration of antibodies to the body. Since it does not provide the formation of memory cells, its effect is short-lived. If the same antigen is infected for the second time, a stronger response will not be given.
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Antibodies transmitted from a pregnant mother to the fetus and postpartum breastfeeding are examples of natural passive immunity.
Serum: It is a liquid containing antibodies produced against a specific infection.
It is generally obtained from the blood of animals such as horse, sheep and cattle. Serum containing antibodies suitable for the disease of the sick person is given.
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BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Major functions
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To carry the waste materials and carbon dioxide released by the structural units in the body to the organs in the excretory system. :!:
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