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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - It consists of lymph capillaries and lymph veins.
      - There are valves in the lymph veins. It prevents lymph fluid from flowing back.
      - One end of the lymph capillaries is connected to the lymph veins. The other end goes through the tissues and is closed. It is more permeable than blood capillaries. In this way, large molecules and proteins in the tissue fluid pass into the lymph capillaries.
      - The movement of fluid in lymph vessels is much slower than blood. Because there is no organ or artery that exerts pressure on the fluid like the heart. The movement of fluid in the lymph vessels is provided by the negative suction pressure of the heart (created by the relaxation of the atrium) and skeletal muscles.
  - - - They are special cell clusters located where lymph vessels join the circulatory system.
      - There are many lymph nodes in the armpit, groin area, neck area.
      - Lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes.
        
        In case of heavy bacterial contamination, the bacteria enter the lymph nodes and cause the lymph nodes to swell.
  - - - Some tissue fluid that cannot pass into the blood vessels passes into the lymph vessels and forms the lymph fluid.
      - It is colorless since it does not contain red blood cells. Lymph fluid is also called akkan.
      - 95% of the plasma proteins passing between the blood capillaries and the tissue are taken into the lymph capillaries and brought to the blood vessels.
- - - - Interferon: These are proteins secreted by virus-infected cells. Thanks to interferons, other cells perceive that viruses infect the body and synthesize antiviral proteins. Interferons can also be secreted by some white blood cells and natural killer cells, activating cells capable of phagocytosis.
  - - - 1) Active Immunity: It occurs when lymphocytes produce antibodies. It can be achieved by passing a disease (natural) or by being vaccinated (artificial).
      - Vaccine: It is a substance that contains microorganisms or their antigens with reduced or destroyed ability to cause disease.
      - It is protective.
      - Contains toxin or antigen.
      - It is given to a healthy person.
      - It shows its effect late but is long lasting.
      - 2) Passive Immunity: It is the immunity provided by the
        administration of antibodies to the body. Since it does not provide the formation of memory cells, its effect is short-lived. If the same antigen is infected for the second time, a stronger response will not be given.
      - It can happen naturally or artificially.
      - Antibodies transmitted from a pregnant mother to the fetus and postpartum breastfeeding are examples of natural passive immunity.
      - Serum: It is a liquid containing antibodies produced against a specific infection.
        It is generally obtained from the blood of animals such as horse, sheep and cattle. Serum containing antibodies suitable for the disease of the sick person is given.
      - It is therapeutic.
      - Contains antibodies or antitoxins.
      - The sick person is given to him.
      - It shows its effect quickly but is short-lived. It does not show its effect in the next disease.
- - - - HEART
        
        It is the most basic organ of the circulatory system that provides the pressure necessary for blood to flow in the veins.
        
        Oxygen-rich blood is called clean blood, and oxygen-poor blood is called dirty blood. Clean blood and dirty blood do not mix in the heart. Clean blood is pumped into the body. They are friendly creatures.
        
        The heart consists of three main layers, from the outside to the inside.
        
        :check: Pericardium: It is a two-layered membrane made of connective tissue that surrounds the heart from the outside. There is fluid between the membranes. This fluid allows the heart to work comfortably.
        
        :check: Myocardium: It is the heart muscle. It makes the heart work by contracting and relaxing. This muscular structure is thin in the auricles and thick in the ventricles. The veins originating from the aorta are divided into capillaries in the myocardial layer. These veins nourish the heart muscle. These are called coronary vessels.
        
        :check: Endocardium: It is the innermost layer of the heart. It consists of a single layer of endothelium and connective tissue that connects it to the myocardium. It creates a slippery structure that prevents wear during the work of the heart. There are no blood vessels.
        
        NOTE: :!!: : No layer of the heart uses the blood within the chambers. Therefore, there is no change in the component of the blood in the heart.
        
        Structure of the Heart :red_flag:
        
        ✔ It has four chambers, two atrium at the top and two ventricles at the bottom.
        
        ✔ There is always dirty blood in the right ventricle and right atrium,
        and always clean blood in the left ventricle and left atrium.
        
        ✔ There are valves in the part of the heart opening from the auricles to the ventricles.
        These valves prevent the blood passing from the auricles to the ventricles from returning to the auricles.
        
        :star: Right-right ventricle -> tricuspid (triple)
        Left atrium-left ventricle -> bicuspid (mitral valve) (bilateral)
        
        :smiley: Arteries are connected to the ventricles of the heart and veins are attached to the auricles.
        
        :smiley: There are half-moon valves where the arteries exit the heart.
        These prevent the blood coming out of the heart from coming back. (In the aorta and pulmonary artery)
        
        :smiley: Upper and lower main vein -> Dirty blood to right atrium
        
        :smiley: Pulmonary artery -> Dirty blood from the right ventricle to the lung
        
        :smiley: Pulmonary vein -> Clean blood from the lung to the left atrium
        
        : :smiley: Aortic artery -> Clean blood from the left ventricle to the body
        
        The Work of the Heart :pencil2:
        
        -The heart works by contraction and relaxation of the myocardial layer. :warning:
        
        Atria and ventricles work opposite to each other.
        One is in a contracted state while the other is in a relaxed state.
        In this way, their work creates a driving force for the blood.
        
        The contraction of the heart is called systole and its relaxation is called diastole.
        
        Each heartbeat consists of a systole followed by a diastole.
        
        The work of the heart does not depend solely on stimuli from the brain.
        For this reason, even if the heartbeat nerves are cut, it continues to work outside the body for a while when the appropriate environment is provided.
        
        The rhythmic contraction in the heart is regulated by specialized
        tissues located in certain parts of the heart.
        
        :checkered_flag: control of heart work
        
        1) The first contraction begins with the stimulation of the sinoatrial node (S.A) located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium.
        Auricles contract with warnings from S.A.
        
        2) When the auricles contract, blood passes into the ventricles. Warnings from S.A come to the atrio-ventricular node (A.V) located between the auricles and ventricles. A.V is made up of specialized fibrils. These fibrils are called bundles of emotions. Bundles of His divide into two and reach the right and left ventricles.
        It forms the purkinje fibers by branching on the walls of the ventricles.
        
        3) Ventricles contract when the impulse comes to purkinje fibers.
        Thus, a heartbeat occurs.
        
        FACTORS AFFECTING THE WORK OF THE HEART :explode:
        
        :tada: .1) Nerves: Autonomic nerves emerging from the spinal cord stimulate the S.A.
        Sympathetic nerves -> speed up.
        
        Parasympathetic nerves -> slows down.
        
        2) Hormones: Adrenaline hormone -> speeds up.
        Acetylcholine -> slows down. :explode:
        
        Thyroxine accelerates the hormone ->.
        
        3) CO2 Concentration in the Blood: Increasing the amount of CO2 in the blood lowers the pH.
        Therefore, nerves are stimulated; breathing and circulatory rate increase. :star:
        
        4) Temperature and pace of work: Increasing the pace of work leads to an increase in body temperature.
        In this case, his heart rate accelerates. :smiley:
        
        6) Chemicals: Some chemicals such as ions, drugs and alcohol affect the work of the heart.
        Their effects vary according to their types. :check:
    - - The veins involved in the Circulatory System are as follows;
        
        a) Arterial
        
        They are the veins that take blood from the heart and distribute it throughout the body.
        
        In their structures from the outside to the inside;
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        There is a single layer of flat epithelium.
        
        There is too much fiber in the connective tissue. In addition, there are elastic fibers within the smooth muscle layer.
        These fibers make the vein resistant to pressure. :warning:
        
        It is the vessel with the highest blood pressure and blood flow rate.
        
        They carry clean blood. (Except pulmonary artery)
        
        Its inner surface is smooth. There is no valve.
      - b) Capillary Vessel
        
        ✔ They are located between arteries and veins.
        
        ✔ They consist of a single layer of epithelium.
        
        ✔ They are the smallest (thinnest) veins in diameter.
        
        ✔ It is the vein with the lowest blood flow rate.
        
        ✔ They provide substance exchange between tissue cells and blood. (starling hypothesis)
        
        ✔ There is no valve.
        
        ✔ Blood pressure is higher than the veins and less than the arteries.
      - c) vein
        
        ✔ It is the vein that brings blood collected from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
        
        ✔ They carry dirty blood. (Excluding the pulmonary vein)
        
        ✔ They are the largest (thickest) veins in diameter.
        
        ✔ It consists of three layers from outside to inside.
        
        Connective tissue
        
        Smooth muscle
        
        It consists of a single layer of flat epithelium.
      - Conditions That Cause Blood Movement In The Veins
        
        Movement of Blood in the Arteries
        
        Pressure caused by contraction of ventricles
        
        Smooth muscles in the artery
        
        The blood coming from behind repels the previous one
        
        Gravity
        
        Movement of Blood in the Veins
        
        Suction force caused by loosening of the auricles
        
        Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins
        
        Valves within the vein
        
        -Decrease in pressure inside the lungs with inhalation
        
        -Gravity for the veins in the upper regions
        
        Pulse: It is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation that occurs in the arteries in parallel with the contraction and relaxation of the heart in the auricle and ventricle. The pulse rate is equal to the heartbeat rate. :red_flag:
        
        Blood pressure (Blood pressure): :warning: It is the pressure exerted by the blood pumped from the heart to the arteries.
        
        As the blood is pumped by the contraction of the ventricles, the blood pressure in the arteries increases. This is called systolic pressure or hypertension.
        
        -During the relaxation of the ventricles, the pressure in the arteries decreases. This is called diastole pressure or small blood pressure.
      - BLOOD CIRCULATION
        
        Human blood circulation is divided into two as small and large blood circulation.
        
        Small Blood Circulation
        
        -It was discovered by Ibn Nefs.
        
        It is done between the heart and lungs.
        
        Its purpose is to cleanse the blood.
        
        BIG BLOOD CIRCULATION(SYSTEMİC CİRCULATİON)
        
        It happens between the heart and the body.
        
        Its purpose is to transport nutrients and oxygen to
        cells and waste materials to excretory organs.
        
        Each organ has an entrance
        to an artery and a vein. (except liver)
        
        After the aorta leaves the heart, it branches into various arteries and enters the organs. Meanwhile, its content does not change as it does not become capillary. (Kidney artery, liver artery…) Material exchange occurs in the vessels that become capillary within the organ and the waste materials are combined in the vein and return to the heart.
        
        The vein exiting from the digestive organs, on the other hand, passes through the liver before returning to the heart.
        (Gate vein) After leaving the liver as a liver vein, it enters the heart.
        
        Before a substance that enters the heart can diffuse into the body,
        it has to enter the lungs. (Little blood circulation)
        
        For example; Considering the process
        of a substance produced in the kidney to come to the liver, the path to follow;
        
        Kidney -> Heart -> Lung -> Heart -> Liver
        
        For example; If the process of the
        insulin hormone produced in the pancreas to come to the liver is considered, the way it will follow;
        
        Pancreas -> Liver
    - - It is examined in two parts as plasma and cells.
        
        When we centrifuge the blood, the plasma part remains on top while the cells collapse to the bottom. (The fibrin (clot) remains at the bottom.)
      - Blood Plasma
        
        -It is the intermediate of blood tissue.
        
        It consists of water, ions, plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin, antibodies).
      - Blood Cells
        
        Erythrocytes (Red blood cells):
        
        While they have organelles and nuclei when they first form, they lose their organelles and nuclei when they join the circulation and cannot go out of the vein. These red blood cells, which do not contain organelles and nuclei, are called mature red blood cells.
        
        They make lactic acid fermentation.
        
        They contain hemoglobin, which gives the blood a red color. In this way, they can carry O2 and CO2. (The reason they lose organelles and seeds is because they can carry more respiratory gas.)
        
        It determines the blood group, which is important for blood transfusions, with the antigens on the cell membrane surface.
        
        They cannot be divided and renew themselves.
        
        3-5 in the fetus. It is produced in the liver and spleen in months and then in the red bone marrow.
        
        Its production is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys and very small amounts of the liver.
        
        Their lifespan is approximately 120 days. When they are broken down, they separate the iron part in the spleen and liver (cupfer cells). The remaining part is broken down by macrophages and forms bilirubin. Bilirubin is used in bile production
        . The separated iron part participates in the production of new red blood cells.
        
        As the amount of oxygen decreases as the air pressure is low, the numbers increase.
        
        Leukocytes (White Cells):
        
        They are colorless and nucleated cells that can act actively, and some of their varieties can also function outside the vein. :check:
        
        They play a role in the body's defense by phagocytosis and producing antibodies.
        
        They cannot be divided and renew themselves.
        
        They are produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes.
        
        Their lifespan varies according to their types. It can be a few hours or a few days.
        
        It breaks down in the spleen and liver.
        
        Their number increases in cases of infection. In general, children can be found in greater numbers.
        
        Blood Pullets (Platelets):
        
        They are the smallest particles in the blood formed by the breakdown of large cells (megakaryocytes) in the bone marrow. Since they are formed by the breakdown of megakaryocytes, they have no nuclei.
        
        They provide blood coagulation.
        
        Their lifespan is approximately 10 days.
        
        They break down in the spleen and liver.
        
        Their number increases in blood loss.
      - Blood clotting
        
        1) There is damage to the tissue and blood vessels.
        
        2) Platelets come to the area of injury and form a plug.
        
        3) Coagulation factors are secreted. These substances convert prothrombin produced by the liver into thrombin.
        
        Thromboplastin secreted from platelets
        
        Thromboplastin secreted from the damaged vessel wall
        
        Ca, vitamin K and enzymes in plasma
        
        4) Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.