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Evaluate the idea that language variation has decreased over time. -…
Evaluate the idea that language variation has decreased over time.
World English variations
Manglish
Singlish
Hinglish
Spanglish
New variations of English in England
MLE
MEE
Estuary english
Scots - Semi language
Cultural contexts of language variations
New traditions
Crumbling castle
Hybridization has been a feature of english since anglo saxon times.
Language change
New lexis and semantics
British English is already a mass of hybrid forms, Celtic and immigrant language
That there is less variation from a point when there is loads.
'egg' story of Caxton 1490 - 'egges' and 'eggys'
Standardisation of world englishes - learn two types
Linguistic tolerance of English diversity - a wide variety of Englishes should be taught - american, indian
Is there such thing as a linguistic error.
David Crystal - 'To devise pedagogical policies and practices in which the need to maintain, in both speech and writing, can be made to comfortably exist alongside the need to recognise the importance of international diversity as a reflection of identity in speech and writing.
divert resources to maintaining the life of minority languages.
Lingua France - Multidialectal - three dialects. Two will have status as educated standards
Teaching of AAL - Ebonics controversy in California in 1970
Own rules in AAL
Verb 'to be' - overt expression 'y'all haters corny ...'', 'y'all haters are corny...'.
Final Consonant deletion - Pronunciation for final consonant deletion 'col' instead of 'cold'.
Dr Nicole Holliday - 'African American language, perception and social consequences. Promoting tolerance for linguistic diversity as we do for other types of diversity, will be an important step in working towards a more just world.
Coratia and Bosnia and serbia where all speaking serbo - croatian, now they speak croation and serbian - maximise the regional differences.
A sentence might be used which is indistinguishable from standard English.
Or a sentence might use so many words and constructions from a contact language that is becomes unintelligible to those outside a particular community.
Varying degrees of hybridisation
Use of a single lexical borrowing within a sentence to several borrowings
Manglish
Mar - chinese - apologetic tone 'I don't know mar'
Lah - empathetic particle, generally used to soften an otherwise angry stern stone. 'Don't be like that lah. Perceived to be less insulting (Depends on context).
Ar - suffix used to donate a question mark - 'Sure ar?'
Is discouraged in school - they want to teach malaysian standard english.
In print they use British English (World Standard Printed English)
Spoken they use local accent influenced by American pronunciations
Question of World Standard Spoken English
Theres the familiarity with American english forms which is used by younger generations, but the British form is preferred. Still the prestige of the British standard form.
'Wan' - 'Why are you so like that wan?' - 'Why are you behaving in that way'.
Omission of certain prepositions 'Long time never seen you already' translates to 'I haven't seen you in a long time'.
Grammatical hybrids - My case going to be adjourned anyway (auxiliary verb omitted)
Lexical hbrids
Lexical hybrids ' You were saying that day you wanted to beli some barang - barang (buy things)
Colloquial malay
Singlish
Government campaign for proper English to be taught, to discourage the use of singlish
Pidgin - variation for trading - short period of time - Manglish occurred. Creole is where the language was taken by the younger generations and used .
The absolutest Concept of proper english or correct english needs to be replaced by relativistic models in which literacy and educated norms are seen to maintain their place alongside other norms even if it is not deemed correct. David Crystal 1999
Dynamic pragmatism
Any part of the world where language is an emergent index of socio - political identity.
The empire and colonisation - industrial revolution. Britain is still looked at highly - other countries politics want to be relevant with and associated with Britian.
David crystal the future of englishes - 1999
Black death - change in social statues and social mobility - English language of court as the clergys who spoke latin died.
Literature was written in old english
Latin borrowings - new affixations
French borrowings
Middle English
Early modern English - standardisation samuel Johsons dictionary.
Sociophoneitics
Queens English society
Diachronic variation -
Latin is dead, because it doesn't change - not a mother tongue.
Socio cultural phenomenon
History of English
Old English 449 - 1100 AD
Anglos and saxons invaded early 400's - anglo saxon
597 AD - Influence of Rome - Latin, roman alphabet
Vikings from the lat 8th centuray
Middle English 1100 - 1500 - Norman Invasion 1066 - Old norse prestigious language
Diglossia - shift in prestige
1215 - Magna Carta
Black death - changed social status aand mobility