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Digestive system Sofia Bernal period.6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive system Sofia Bernal period.6
Major Functions of the digestive system
Digestion and absorption of food for metabolism
Mechanical digestion
Physical breaking of large food pieces into smaller pieces
Does not alter chemical composition
Mastication: chewing movement
Segmentation: mixing/churning movement of the stomach
Peristalsis: wave/rippling movement in the esophagus and intestine.
chemical digestion
Breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body.
Works with the help of enzyme(-ase)
Major organs of digestive system
Mouth
Mouth: opening for food and food enters the mouth also the tongue mixes food and saliva into bolus
Salivary Glands: The start of dissolving and chemical breakdown of food
Teeth are the mechanical breakdown of food.
Pharynx
A cavity lying behind the mouth leading to the stomach
The passage for food an air from mouth to esophagus
The epiglottis closes so food goes into esophagus
Esophagus
The passage for food only and moves food by using peristalsis
Connects to stomach at lower esophageal sphincter
Stomach
The mixing and holding chamber for food using chemical digestion and churning by mechanical digestion
The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble drugs
Liver
Largest internal organ and secretes bile into the duodenum
The bile salts emulsify and breaks up fats eliminates cholesterol
Gall Bladder
Stores excess bile from the liver to release into the small intestine
Pancreas
Located behind stomach, closely associated with small intestines
Secrets pancreatic juice and is sodium bicarbonate rich to neutralize HCI
Small intestine
A tube that is approx 22 ft long uses mechanical and chemical digestion. Absorbs 90% of water and nutrients
Breaks up food with peptidases, sucrase, lactase, Maltase, and intestinal lipase
Is in three parts first the duodenum the most "fixed" place where the liver and pancreas add their secretions
Second the Jejunum absorbs and has circular folds to increase surface area
Lastly, the Ilium which absorbs vitamins and bile salts connected to small intestine to large intestine cecum
Large intestine
Gut bacteria like E. coli live here digestion by bacteria and digests cellulose
undigested food is fecal matter which consists of water and inorganic salts
Appendix
Near the right bone and has no/debated function
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Pepsin
in the stomach breaks down
peptide
into
protein
.
Protease
in the small intestine breaks down
peptide
into
amino acids
Amylase
in the mouth breaks down
polysaccharides
into
disaccharides
. The
disaccharides
break down into
monosaccharides
in the small intestine
In the small intestine
Maltese
breaks down into
glucose
.
Lactase
turns into
glucose
and
galactose
.
Sucrase
turns into
glucose
and
fructose
In the pancreas
nucleic acids
and
nuclease
turn into
nucleotides
.
In the small intestine
fats
turn into
fatty acids
and nuclease turn into
nucleotides
.
In the small intestine,
lipids
turn fat into fatty acids and turn
lipase
into
fatty acids
and
glycerol
HCI
kills bacteria and dentures/digests proteins in the stomach
Intrinsic factor
secreted by parietal cells, helps the small intestine absorbs vitamin B12
Mucous cells
produce mucus to protect the stomach lining.
Intestinal enzymes produced by brush border cells breakdown proteins and carbs
Peptidases
turn peptides into amino acids
Sucrase
reduces sucrose to glucose and fructose
Lactase
reduces lactose to glucose and galactose
Maltase reduces maltose to glucose
Intestinal lipase reduces fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Chemically digested food moves from intestine into blood lymph
The small intestine does most of the absorption (90%) due to it containing villi and microvilli for absorption
The small intestine absorbs water, carbohydrates,proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
The large intestine absorbs (10%) of nutrients
The large intestine absorbs water, and vitamin K and B
The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble drugs
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa
Mucous membrane produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
made up of epithelium which varies by location. The nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, & anus to protect against friction.
Lamina propria made up of areolar connective tissue that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
The muscularis mucosae are two thin layer of smooth layers
Submucosa
Areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessels that has many elastic fibers to retain shape.
Submucosal plexus is an automatic nerve supply with glands and lymphatic tissue.
Muscularis Layer
the muscle layer made up of two smooth layers to allow peristalsis and segmentation.
The inner circular layer which squeeze and decrease the size of the lumen in some areas act as sphincter or values.
The outer longitudinal layer which shortens the intestine that are in the mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus, and anal sphincter
Serosa
The outer covering of the GI tract made of serous membrane.
Composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium. It produces serous fluid for lubrication and covers the outside of abdominal organs
Attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries
Disorders of the digestive system
Jaundice
yellow discoloration due to excessive amounts of bile in blood
various causes such as gall stones, diseased liver, hepatitis, etc....
Gall stone
The obstruction of common hepatic duct
Hepatitis
the inflammation of the liver due to viruses
Cirrhosis
a chronic inflammation of the usually due to alcoholism or chronic hepatitis
Appendictis
Caused by an inflamed appendix