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:star: CHAPTER 4 : SYSTEM DESIGN, Principles of User-Centered Designs,…

- - - - Ergonomics
        
        how people work, learn and interact with computers
      - Aesthetics
        
        how an interface can be made attractive and easy to use
      - Interface Technology
        
        operational structure required to carry out the design objective
    - - 1) Design a transparent interface
        
        create a design that is easy to learn and remember
      - 2) Create an interface that is easy to learn and use
        
        make it easy to navigate
      - 3) Enhance user productivity
        
        create alphabetical menu list
      - 4) Make it easy for user to obtain help or correct error
        
        ensure that help is always available
      - 5) Minimize input data problem
        
        display event-driven messages and reminders
      - 6) Provide feedback to users
        
        let user know whether task operation is successful or not
      - 7) Create an attractive layout design
        
        use appropriate color to highlight different areas of screen
      - 8) Use familiar terms and images
        
        use familiar command is possible
  - - - menu bar
      - toolbar
      - command button
      - dialogue box
      - text box
      - toggle button
      - list box
      - scroll bar
      - check button
      - option button
      - calendar control
      - switchboard
  - - - Heading zone usually contains company name or logo and the title and number of
        the form
      - Control zone contain codes, identification information, numbers, and dates that are used for storing completed forms
      - Instruction zone contain instruction to completing the form
      - Main part of the body called Body zone usually contain captions and areas for entering variable data
      - If total are included in form, they will be located at Total zone
      - Authorization zone contain any required signature
- - - - best time to avoid problem is when data is being entered
  - - - Guidelines
        
        Restrict user access to screen location where data is entered
        
        Provide descriptive caption for every field, show user where to enter data, required or maximum filed size
        
        Display sample format if user must enter values in a field in a specific format
        
        Require an ending keystroke for every field
        
        Do not require user to type leading zeroes for numeric field
        
        Do not require user to type trailing zeroes for number that include decimals
        
        Display default values so operators can press the ENTER key to accept suggested value
        
        Use a default value when a field value will be constant for successive records
        
        Display a list of acceptable values for fields, provide meaningful error messages
        
        Provide a way to leave data entry at any time without entering the current record
        
        Provide users with an opportunity to confirm the accuracy of input data before entering it
        
        Provide means for user to move among fields on the form
        
        Design the screen form layout to match the layout of the source document
        
        Allow user to add, change, delete and view records
        
        Provide a method to allow users to search for specific information
  - - - service in which data is captured via tick or check boxes where areas are filled in with simple line or shapes in order to get right answer
      - usually multiple choice answer or yes or no questions
      - ability to extract data to gather most and least popular response
    - - manually entered text, copying exactly what the person filled out the feedback form has written
      - not possible for computers to automates handwriting
  - - - data entry is performed on a specified time
        schedule
      - example : a school enters all grades for the
        academic term in a batch
    - - occurs when transactions are entered into the computer as they happen, one at a time
      - Advantages :
        -Immediate validation
        -Availability of data
      - Online data entry
      - Source Data Automation
        
        combines online data entry and
        automated data capture using input devices
        
        fast and accurate and minimize human involvement in the transaction process
        
        example : Automatic teller machines (ATMs) that read data
        strips on bank cards
  - - - Sequence Check
        
        used when data must be in some predetermined sequence
      - Existence Check
        
        used for mandatory data items
      - Data Type Check
        
        tests to ensure that a data item fits the required data type
      - Range Check
        
        tests data items to verify that they fall between a specified minimum and maximum value
      - Reasonableness Check
        
        identify value that are questionable but not necessarily wrong
      - Validity Check
        
        used for data item that must have certain values
      - Combination Check
        
        performed on 2 or more fields to ensure that they are considered together
      - Batch Control
        
        batch controls do not identify specific errors
        
        totals used to verify batch input
  - - - a. Internet Based Information Delivery
        
        millions of firm use Internet to reach new customer and market around the world
        
        radio and TV station also use this techniques to broadcast program material to their audience
        
        Email
        
        In many firms, e-mail has virtually replaced traditional memos and printed correspondence
        
        Blogs
        
        web-based logs, called blogs are another form of Web-based output
        
        Instant Messaging
        
        this popular form of communication is another way for individuals and companies to communicate effectively over the Internet
      - b. Specialized Forms of Output
        
        diverse marketplace require many form of specialized output and device such as:
        
        Portable, Web-connected devices that run apps, media output and communication
        
        ATM that can process bank transaction and print deposit and withdrawal slips
  - - - produce one or more lines of output for each record processed
      - a detail report can be quite lengthy
      - example: if firm stocks 3000 parts, then the detail report would include 3000 detail lines on 50 printed pages
    - - display those records that meet a specific condition or conditions
      - useful when user want information only on records that might require action but does not need to know details
      - example: credit manager might use an exception report to identify only those customer with past due accounts
    - - reports used by individuals at higher levels in the organization includes less detail than reports by lower-level employees
      - example: sales manager might want to know total sales for each sales representatives, but not want detail report listing every sales made by them
  - - - Headers and Footers
        
        header appear at the beginning of the report, identifies report and contains report title, date, and other information
        
        footer appear at the end of the report can include grand totals for numeric fields and other end of report information
      - Page Headers and Footers
        
        page header appear at the top of the page and includes the column headings that identify the data
        
        page footer appear at the bottom of the page is used to display report title and the page number
      - Column Heading Alignment
        
        heading are left-justified over alphanumeric fields and right-justified over numeric fields
      - Column Spacing
        
        column should stretch across report with uniform spacing and suitable margins at top, bottom, right, and left
      - Field Order
        
        field should be displayed and grouped in a logical order
      - Grouping Detail Lines
        
        it is meaningful to arrange detail in groups, based on control field
        
        you can print a group header above the first detail line and group footer after the last detail in line in a group
      - Repeating Fields
        
        report design in an art
        
        user involvement is essential so its best to ask user what they think and be guided accordingly
      - Consistent Design
        
        report should be uniform and consistent
        
        abbreviations used in report also should be consistent
        
        item in report should also be consistent
  - - - output security protect privacy rights and shields the organization data from theft
      - first, limit the number of printed copies
      - all sensitive reports should be stored in secure areas
      - IT department are responsible for output control and security
      - best action is to install diskless workstation. Diskless workstation is a network terminal that support full featured user interface but limit printing and copying data except to certain network resource
      - added with network-based application called port protector, that controls access to and from workstation interfaces
    - - include necessary measure to ensure input data is correct, complete and secure
      - focus on input control during every phase of input design, starting with source documents that promote data accuracy and quality
      - every piece of information should be traceable back to the input data
      - data security policies and procedures protect data from loss of damage
      - data recovery utilities should be able to restore lost or damaged data
      - sensitive data can be encrypted or coded