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The Digestive/Urinary System Serene Hernandez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
The Digestive/Urinary System
Serene Hernandez
Period 1
Major functions of the digestive system
– Take in food
– Break it down into nutrient molecules
– Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
– Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major functions of the urinary system
– Remove waste products and medicines from the body
– Balance the body's fluids
– Balance a variety of electrolytes.
– Release hormones to control blood pressure
– Release a hormone to control red blood cell production
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth:
The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves easily through your esophagus
Esophagus:
The esophagus functions primarily as a transport tube that directs the progression of food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach
Stomach:
The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion
Small intestine
: Carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream
Large intestine:
The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over
Anus:
The anus is the end of the GI tract, it disposes of wastes that cannot be digested to the outside of our body
Liver:
All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down and creates the nutrients and detoxifies
Pancreas:
During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches
Gallbladder:
When you eat something fatty, the gallbladder contracts to release the bile it has stored into the small intestine
Major organs of the urinary system
Kidneys:
The kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood
Renal pelvis:
The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder
Ureters:
These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder:
The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra
Urethra:
This tube allows urine to pass outside the body
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Bile:
A fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract
Amylase:
An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars
Pepsin:
Is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is produced in the gastric chief cells of the stomach lining
Trypsin:
Breaks down proteins, continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach
Lipase:
A type of protein made by your pancreas, an organ located near your stomach. Lipase helps your body digest fats
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrate digestion/absorption
begins in the mouth with the mechanical action of chewing and the chemical action of salivary amylase. Carbohydrates are not chemically broken down in the stomach, but rather in the small intestine
Fat digestion/absorption
begins in the mouth, where lipids break down into diglycerides.The fat in the small intestine stimulates the release of lipase from the pancreas, and bile from the liver enables the breakdown of fats into fatty acids
Nucleic acid digestion/absorption
happens in the small intestine with the help of both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by the small intestine itself
Protein digestion/absorption
occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
There are 4 layers
2. Submucosa:
Consists of areolar connective tissue, has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing
large meal
3. Muscularis externa:
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
1. Mucosa:
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, protects against infectious disease
4. Serosa:
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Nephron anatomy and physiology
A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. There are about one million nephrons in each human kidney
Conformed of two main parts:
Renal corpuscle
&
Renal tubule
The
renal corpuscle
is responsible for the filtration of the plasma. It contains two structures: the glormerulus and Bowman's capsule
Renal tubule
is a small tube in the kidney that contains cells that filter and clean the blood. There are about 1 million renal tubules in each kidney
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive System Conditions
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Gallstones, Celiac Disease, Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hemorrhoids & Diverticulitis
Urinary System Conditions
Bladder infections - (cystitis) usually caused by bacteria
Enlarged prostate - in men, this can make it difficult to empty the bladder
Incontinence - when urine leaks out of the urethra
Kidney infections - when a bladder infection 'backs up' the ureters