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SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CANCER - Coggle Diagram
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
DIAGNOSTIC SURGERY
it used for diagnostic purposes, a small tissue from a suspected tumor or a whole tumor is removed and analyses is done to check for the presence of malignancy. The procedure is called biopsy. the laboratory analysis of the tissue further allows for staging of cancer to determine the advancement of cancer.
PROPHYLACTIC SURGERY
-Involves the removal of the an entire organ when a person has a condition that puts them at high risk of developing cancer there. The surgery is done to reduce cancer risk and help prevent the chance of cancer.
-Patient will have to undergo the preoperative counselling to accept the post operative outcome of the procedure. hyesterectomy is an example, in a woman who has reached menopause or a woman who does not intend to have children.
REFERENCES
• Lewis, S.L., Dirksen, S.R., Heitkemper, M.M., Bucher, L., 2011.Medical-Surgical Nursing; Assessment and management of clinical problems.9nth Ed. Canada. Elsevier Mosby.
• Hinkle, J.L., Cheever, H.K., 2010.Brunner and Suddarth’s textbook of medical surgical nursing.12th edition. Philadelphia. Wolters Kluwer.
Chauke, M., Mogotlane, S., Mokoena, J., Matlakala, M., Randa, B., Young, A., 2018 .Juta's Complete Textbook of medical Surgical Nursing. 2nd edition. Cape Town. Juta and Company (pty) Ltd.
THERAPEUTIC SURGERY
For therapeutic surgery the following criteria are used; -The tumor cells must be from a tissue with slow rate of proliferation and replication. -The tumour must still be confined within normal tissue. -It must be possible to remove larger part of the tissue including the regional pathways for spread.
PRIMARY SURGERY
This type of surgery is performed for the cure and the control of cancer.
-Examples of surgeries are lumpectomy, mastectomy and pneumonectomy including neck dissection.
PALLIATIVE SURGERY
-This type of surgery is done at an advanced stage of cancer when there is no prospect of a cure.
-Done to improve the quality of life of a patient.
-cordoctomy and rhizoctomy can be done to manage the intractable pain in advanced stage of cancer.
-A laminectomy can also be done for spinal cord compression.
-colostomy can also be done for bowel obstruction in the cancer of the colon.
SUPPORTIVE SURGERY
a surgery done while the patient is undergoing the course for treatment .
-The procedures that are done for support includes gastroctomy for the insertion of the feeding tube when the patient has the cancer of the mouth, oesophagus and stomach.
-Colostomy for the colorectal cancer.
-Suprapubic cystostomy for the insertion of a urinary catheter with prostate cancer patient.
REHABILITATIVE SURGERY
also known as the reconstructive surgery.
Done to improve the physical appearance of the the patient who has undergone cancer treatment.
A mammoplasty can be done to improve the appearance of the patient who has gone a mastectomy.
COMBINATION SURGERY
it is the combination of two or more of the surgeries mentioned above. it can be a combination of both diagnostic and therapeutic surgery.
PREOPERATIVE CARE
Assessment of the nutritional status, including hydration status
Assessment of the functional status
Medical history of the patient. The history of the patient includes the information about the condition that is planned for surgery, previous surgeries, past experiences with anaesthetic.
assessment of the mental status
The age and weight. These factors influences the wound healing of the patient.
The aims of preoperative care; make sure that the surgery is safe and comfortable for the patient, give necessary and adequate information about the planned surgery to reduce and fears and anxiety.
the other aim is to prevent intra and post operative complications by ensuring that the patient is in a state of optimum physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological well being prior to the surgical procedure.
signing of the consent form
Starving, bowel preparation, elimination and promotion of rest and sleep before the day of surgery
Prevention of infection in the site of procedure after the operation.
POST OPERATIVE CARE
Post operative care involves the management of the patient from the time they return from the theatre to the ward until discharged.
The post discharged care may also be involved depending on the nature of the surgery the patient undergone.
The main purpose of the the post operative care is to meet the physical needs of the postoperative patient and to help the patient return to the level functioning as soon as possible.
Stress response
-Assessment of the vital signs
-assess for shivering
-assess for pallor
Respiratory system respons
Cardiovascular system response, Surgery involves the loss of fluid in the form of blood which may result to hypotension and inadequate circulation when not corrected timeously after the procedure.
Gastro intestinal response
nervous system response
musculo skeletal response
Body image
with the cancer patient most surgeries includes the removal of the part of the body that has malignancy. The functioning of the body will be affected. the scars and altered body functioning may lead to psychological distress.
counselling is vital
Lifestyle changes
A patient with cancer maybe required to change his or her lifestyle after the operation since there will be changes in the body that will be as a results of the procedure.
promotion of the normal and adequate circulation, promotion of wound healing, promotion of comfort and pain relief and the maintenance of normal muscle tone and mobility.
Prevention of the infection in the site of the procedure