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Macro vascular .complications - Coggle Diagram
Macro vascular .complications
Pathophysiology
First Decreased nitric oxide, increased endothelin and increased angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction.
That results in hypertension and vascular smooth muscle cell growth.
Second, decreased nitric Oxide, activated nuclear factor-KB
Increased angiotensin II and activation of activated protein-1increase inflammation
Which results in the release of chemokines, cytokines and expression of cellular adhesion molecules.
Third, decreased nitric oxide, increased tissue factor,
Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
And decreased prostacyclin results in thrombosis.
Hypercoagulation, platelet activation and decreased fibrinolysis.
These pathways lead to atherosclerosis. The cause of the macrovascular complications Of diabetes.
Nursing care plan
Discourage smoking
Eat proper diet that will not trigger high sugar levels
Exercise regularly to keep your body healthy
Monitor blood sugar levels
Strictly monitor sugar levels and blood pressure
Signs and symptoms
Dizziness
Slurred speech
Visual loss
Weakness
Definition
Macrovascular complications are primarily diseases of the coronary arteries
Peripheral arteries and cerebrovasculature
Early macrovascular disease is associated with atherosclerotic plaque in the vasculature
Supplying blood to the heart, brain, limbs and other organs.
Late stages it involves obstruction of the vessels, which can increase the risk of myocardial infarction.
Stroke, claudication and gangrene.
Causes
Caused by prolonged damage of blood vessels
References
https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/diabetes-mellitus/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30961498/