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OCD - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Obsessions
        
        Repetitive, persistent thoughts (e.g., contamination) Urges (e.g. Hurt someone), or images (e.g. Violent Scenes).
      - Compulsions
        
        Repetitive Behaviours (e.g. Hand Washing) or mental acts (e.g. praying, counting, repeating words silently.) Individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
        
        these behaviours/mental acts are aimed at preventing/reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. However, these acts are not a realistic way to reduce/remove these factors, and if they are they are very excessive.
    - - In response to intense anxiety these individuals adopt certain ritual/habitual ways in order to reduce their anxiety, even if their methods logically won't be connected to their fear.
  - - - - Secondly: co-mordibidty for example depression and substance abuse
      - - Thirdly: secondary consequences e.g. grief, blame and social stigma, may be associated with the disorder.
      - - The first: obsessions and compulsions of the disorder are generally incomprehensible or bizarre. Patients claimed that their situation was "like being crazy on a conscious mind". Meaning they are struggling between the obtrusive feeling to carry out the compulsion and normal insight to stop.
- - - - There is evidence that patients with OCD have abnormal brain structure and activity. This mainly lies in the pathway between the two frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex with the basal ganglia.
      - These frontal lobes have the job of deliberation and judgement (thinking), while the basal ganglia is a relay station for the planning and execution of movements (behaviour).
      - PET scans of patients with OCD how heightened activity in these parts of the brain known as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). (Cardwell & Flanagan, 2003)
- - - - SRI's were also proven to be an effective way to treat OCD even if it has a lower score than CBT with a mean effect size of (0.48). (Watson & Rees, 2008; McGuire et al., 2015. cited in Öst et al., 2016). Both have similar results of 0.48 and 0.50
        
        Furthermore when comparing all the results Öst et al, concluded that their meta-analysis was consistent with other ones proving that CBT is superior when compared to current pharmacological treatments.
    - - in the study conducted by (Öst et al., 2016), CBT was proven to be an effective treatment of OCD with a score of 0.53. When you combine CBT and SRI together in the treatment it is also higher than SRI however, CBT on its own is still better than the combo.