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Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Major Functions of Urinary System
A mjor execretory organ which maintain the body's internal environment
Regulating total volume water & total solute concentration in water
It ensures longevity of acid- base balance
Execreting metabolic wastes, toxics, drugs
There is activasion of Vitamin D and also the carrying out of gluconeogenesis
Kidneys are part of the urninary system which include:
Ureter: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder: it is a temporary storage reservior for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins
Chymotrypsin: a digestive enzyme which breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas and converted into an active form by trypsin.
Trypsin:Trypsin is an enzyme that helps us digest protein. In the small intestine, trypsin breaks down proteins, continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach.
Lipids
Bile salts cluster around the products of fat digestion to form structures called micelles, which help the fats get close enough to the microvilli of intestinal cells so that they can be absorbed.
emulsions of lipids enter the duodenum as fine lipid droplets and then mix with bile and pancreatic juice to undergo marked changes in chemical and physical form.
Carbohydrates
Most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine because of enzymes. Pancreatic amylase is secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine, and like salivary amylase, it breaks starch down to small oligosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed across the membrane of the small intestine and transported to the liver where they are either used by the liver, or further distributed to the rest of the body
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
peptic ulcer disease A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
celiac disease: An immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer starts when cells that make up the urinary bladder start to grow out of control.
Kidney Stones
a hard mass formed in the kidneys, typically consisting of insoluble calcium compounds; a renal calculus.
Urinary Incontinence
Loss of bladder control, varying from a slight loss of urine after sneezing, coughing, or laughing to complete inability to control urination.
Layers of the GI tract
1) Mucosa
It is the tunica layer that lines lumen
Functions
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
It absorbs end products of digestion
protects against infectious diseases
2) Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus which supply GI tract tissues
Contains an abundant amount of elastic tissues that contribute to organs and to regain storing large meals.
3) Muscularis externa
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
It contains inner circular muscle layer and outer layer which is longitudinal
4) Serosa
It is the outermost layer and is made up of visceral peritoneum
Major organs of Urinary System
Urinary system includes:
Kidneys
A major execretory organ which maintain the body's internal environment by:
regulates total volume water and total solute concentration in water
It ensure longevity of acid- base balance
Exreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
There is activasion of vitamind D and also the carrying out of gluconeogenesis
Renal Pelvis
A funnel shaped tube continous with ureter
minor calyces- they are cup- shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae.
Ureters
Slender tubes that convey urine from kideneys to bladder
enter base of bladder through posterior wall
As bladder increases, distal ends of ureters close off, preventing backflow of urine
Urinary Bladder
there is a muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to public symphysis
Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
Females: anterior to vagina and uterus
Urethra
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Major Organs of Digestive System
Mouth
The mouth is where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme- containing saliva which starts process of digestion, the swallowing process is initiated
Oral orifice is the anterior (buccal( cavity
Lips (labia): composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle
Cheecks: composed of buccinator muscles
Labial frenulum: it is the median attachment of each lip to gum
Tongue:
The tongue occupies the floor of the mouth
Functions: gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
Formation of bolus, a ,ixture of food and saliva
Salivary Glands
Cleanses mouth and dissolves food chemicals for taste
Moistens food; compacts into bolus and begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase
Serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin. Mucous cells: produce mucus
Teeth:
Mastication: it is the process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
Incisors: chisel shaped for cutting
Canines: fanglike teech that tear or pierce
Premolars: broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush
Molars: broad crowns, rounded cusps: best grinders
Tooth structure
Crown: exposed part above gingiva
Root: portion embedded in jawbone
Pharynx
Food passes from mouth into orpharynx and then into laryngopharynx
It is what allows the movement and passage of fluids, food, and air
External muscles layers include 2 skeletal muscle layers
Esophagus
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx into stomach
Gastroesophageal sphincter surrounds cardial orifice and it keeps and maintains orifice closed when food is not swallowed
Stomach
Stomach is a temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Fundus: it is a dome- shaped region area beneath diaphragm
Body: Midportion
Pyloric part: wider and more superior portion of pyloric region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal that terminates in pylorus
Small Intestine
Brief description: the small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption in the digestive system
Subdivisions:
Duodenum: mostly retroperitoneal and curves around the head of pancreas
Jejunum: 2.5m attached posteriorly by mesentery
Ileum: 3.6m; attached posteriorly by mesentery, it is what joins large intestine at Ileocecal value
Segmentation: is the most common motion of small intestine
Peristalis increases, initiated by a rising shift in hormone motilin in late intestinal phase
Large Intestine
Teniae coli: thre bands of logitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Haustra: they are pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
Epiploic appendages: fat- filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Subdivisions:
1) Cecum:first part of large intestine
2) Appendix: masses of lymphoid tissue
3) Colon: has many regions, mostly which are retroperitoneal (except for transverse and signoid regions).
4) Rectum: three vectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas (flatus)
5) Anal canal: it is the last segment of large intestine that opens to exterior body at anus
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase
It is for carbohydrates
Pancreatic Juice
It is a watery, alkaline solution (pH8) to neutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach
H Proteases:
Secreted in inactive form to prevent self- digestion
Lipases
breaks down lipids, which are fats and oils, into glycerol and fatty acids.
Necleases
For nucleic acids
Major Functions of Digestive System
Takes in food and breaks it down into nutrient molecules
Absorbs molecules into the bloodstream and also gets rid of any indigestible remains
Digestive Process
1) Ingestion: eating
2) Propulsion: there is movement of food through alimentary canal and it it includes peristalsis.
3) Mechanical Breakdown: it includes chewing, saliva and food togehter, churning food in stomcah, and segmentation
4) Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
5) Absorption: it is the passge of digested pieces from Lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
6) Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces.
Peristalis: is major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation.
Contains organs that all play a role in the digestive system: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Brief Description: Nephrons are the structural & functional units that forms urine in kidneys. There is 1 million per kidney.
Two main parts
Renal Corpuscle
1) Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
2) Glomerular capsule: it is also called Bowman's capsule: it is a cup shaped, hollow form structure surrounding glomerulus.
It is highly porous capillaries and allows efficient filtrate formation
Filtrate: plasma- derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
2 Layers:
1) Parietal Layer: simple squamous epithelium
2) Visceral layer: it clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelium podocytes
Renal tubule
Renal tubule is about 3cm long and consists of one layer of epithelial cell, but each region contains its own unique function and histology
Duct 1:
1) Proximal convoluted tubule- proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
2) Nephron loop: it is a U- shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs
3) Distal convoluted Tubule: Distal, farthest from renal corpuscle
Duct 2:
1) Proximal convoluted Tubule- cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that from brush order
It functions in reabsorption and secretion
2) Nephron Loop- formerly called loop of Hentle and is a U- shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs
Descending Limb: proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
Ascending Limb: it is a thick ascending limb consisting of cuboidal or columnar cells
Duct 3
3) Distal convoluted tubule and they are cuboidal cells with very few microvilli and they function more in secretion that reabsorption
Collecting Ducts
Principal cells: sparse with short microvilli
Intercalated cells: cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli
2 types of intercalated cells:
A & B: both help maintain acid- base balance of blood