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ARA 102 F21 - 11:00 am Class - Group 10 -Topic (5) The Religio-Political…
ARA 102 F21 - 11:00 am Class - Group 10 -Topic (5) The Religio-Political Movements
Shia
Started with Ali as the first lmam
The Imamiyya/Twelvers
Largest branch of Shia Islam
The term 'Twelver' refers to the belief in twelve imams
Follow Ismail b. Jaafar's youngest son, Musa al Kazim
The last of the imams is the 'hidden' Muhammad al-Mahdi, who
would eventually appear as the Mahdi/'messiah'
Until the Mahdi descends, the community is led by 'agents' acting on behalf of the hidden imam
Ismailis
They get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn
Jafar
They differ from the Usuli Shi'ah, Akhbaris, Alevis, Bektashis, and Alawites, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, the younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imam
They appointed a spiritual successor (Imam) to Ja'far al-Sadiq
The Ismaili and the Twelvers both accept the same first Imams.
Ismail's are a branch or sub-sect of Shia Islam
Ismailism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shi'isim
Ismailis believe in the oneness of God
They believed the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity
The Zaydiyyah (the Fivers)
named after Zayd bin Ali
Zayd was the fifth imam
Their Theology puts an emphasis on justice and human responsibility, and its political implications
2nd Largest Shiaa group (after the twelvers)
By establishing two dynasties at:
Tabaristan in 864
Yemen, in 893
They became the first Shia movement to achieve
political independence
Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the Imamate because he led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate
Sunni school of Jurisprudence
Shafi’i:
Today it is strong in Egypt, India, and Indonesia.
Was Evolved in Egypt.
It was established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia by the 10th Century.
Hanafi:
Was Emerged in Iraq and reflects the opinions of Iraqi jurists.
Was first established in Iran and Central Asia and then expanded to the northern borders.
Maliki:
Mainly present in North Africa.
Emerged in Medina, KSA.
Hanbali:
First emerged in Iraq.
it has a rigid, conservative nature.
Presently, it is only followed in Saudi Arabia
Muslim brotherhood
The movement's intial goal was to spread and advocate for a model islamic lifestyle and morals. However, it took a truly political turn
Founder: Hasan Al Banna. Year 1928. In Egypt.
By 2011-2012, the movement became the leading party in Egypt, and is also active in other Arab and Muslim countries.
By the late 1940s, the movement had around 2 million followers in Egypt, and its ideas had already spread beyond Egypt’s borders across the Arab world.
members fought against British colonial rule and engaged in a terrorist act.
in 1948, the movement was dissolved by the government for attacking British and Jewish interests.
in 1949, Hasan al-Banna (the founder) was shot dead by an unknown gunman.
In 1954, the movement was banned, some of its leaders executed, and thousands of its members imprisoned and tortured.
January 2011 Revolution happened!!
When Mursi became president, 2012 marked a
historic victory for the MB, from a banned party to the leading one.
Mursi's presidency only lasted 1 year, he was overturned by the military in 2013, arrested, tried and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 2019.
Schools of theology
Al Mu’tazila School:
Established : in the city of Basra by Wasil and his fellows the students of the scholar Al-Hassan Al-Basri (d.728).
Known for their excessive rationalism and the incorpration of greek philosophical concepts into their discussion of Islam dogma.
The new concept of “intermediate state” was introduced by them.
Ash’ariyya School:
It was named after its founder Abu Al-Hassan Al-sh’ari (d.936).
Assumed a more orthodox approach against the Al-Mu’tazila
They won the acceptance within Sunni Islam as the official creed defeating the Mu’tazila
Wahhabism
religious movement created by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
pursues the theology of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence and Ibn Taymiyah
Initially, they did not seek to overthrow any governments or to replace any political power with another.
The later Wahhabi movement came to inherit a legacy of extremism and intolerance. It is the promotion of
violence against anyone who did not adhere to the doctrine of tawhid (pure monotheistic worship).
In the modern day, Wahhabism has been accused of being a "source of global terrorism"
Most of the Sunni and Shia muslims firmly oppose the interpretation and the idea of Wahhabism.
Sufism/ Tasawwuf
Sufism is generally based on the Quraan and the sunna of the prophet
The terminology “Sufism” is originally taken from an Arabic word called “ Souf” which means wool
Stages of sufism growth:
Appearance of early asceticism in the late 7th century
From asceticism to mysticism and the introduction of love by Rabi’a al Adawiya in the 9th century. Which is a love of God that was disinterested, without hope for paradise and without fear of hell
Development of mystical community in the 9th century
Development of proper orders in the 10th century
These orders then turned into proper organizations in the 16th century
Sufism is a combination of islamic principles:
1- Islamic asceticism:
Asceticism is basically the self-denial of committing sins, which will purify one’s soul from all negative doings.
The main purpose of asceticism is to gain spirituality
In asceticism the aim is to live a minimalistic life.
2- Islamic mysticism:
Mysticism is ideas that we think exist but we are not completely sure about it.
Mysticism is a word that is close to the word mystery which means stuff that is a mystery to us or in a sense, stuff that we don’t know.
3- Islamic spirituality
Nafs/Ruuh- Arabic term for spirit
Three types of Nafs:
3 more items...
Sufis are also know by other terms:
• Faqir, pl. fuqara’
• Darwish, pl. darawish
• Wali, pl. awliya’
Chair: Afra Omar - 83947
member:Asma Mohammed - 83639
member: Abdalla Ahmed - 86001