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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - are
        
        A lymph duct is a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins.
        
        Thoracic duct
        
        from abdomen &legs; from left side of head,neck and arm,
        
        Right Lymphatic duct
        
        from right side of head,neck and arm
    - - are
        
        A lymph node is a bean-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach and linked by lymphatic vessels. All lymph passes through at least one node before being delivered to the blood stream.
    - - are
        
        Vessels that resemble blood capillaries in that they branch extensively throughout the body
        
        Unlike lymphatic capillaries
        “dead-end” in the extracellular fluid surrounding body cells.
        
        Flow of lymph is regulated by internal pressures from breathing and from skeletal muscle
        contraction.
    - - are
        
        These organs and tissue patches are production centers for infection-fighting cells, including lymphocytes.
        
        Organs:
        
        appendix
        
        Adenoid
        
        Tonsil
        
        Peyer's patches
        
        Spleen
    - - is
        
        Its composition similar to blood but lymph lacks RBC and has less blood proteins.
        
        Its composition is about the same as the tissue fluid.
- - - - Because
        
        The cells need O2 to make ATP
    - - Because
        
        Because the cells use them to
        produce proteins or make energy
    - - Because
        
        The cells in our body produces waste and that waste takes a lot of space in our cells because of that they need to get rid of the waste so they give it to blood
  - - - Function
        
        The systemic circuit is the path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body
    - - Function
        
        The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.
  - - - Function
        
        Pumps blood so that
        blood flows in veins
        
        composed of
        
        Pericardium:
        
        Reduces friction between
        tissues
        
        outermost tough layer
        
        Endocardium:
        
        Innermost, smooth and single layer.
        
        Inside of heart
        
        semilunar valves
        
        Allow blood to move from the ventricles into
        the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
        
        They prevent backflow of blood
        
        Atrium
        
        two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles.
        
        Ventricle
        
        large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood received from an atrium
        
        atrioventicular valves
        
        allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles.
        
        2 more items...
        
        Myocardium:
        
        Middle layer of the heart
        
        It makes the heart pump blood
        
        it is made of cardiac muscle
    - - Two types of vessels
        
        Arteries
        
        Function
        
        carries oxygen-rich blood
        away from the heart to the body
        
        Veins
        
        Function
        
        carries blood low in oxygen from
        the body back to the heart
        
        Capillaries
        
        Function
        
        Capillaries are the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection between arteries and veins.
- - - - is
        
        Nonspecific (innate) immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens
        
        active from the time of birth.
        
        has two line of fronts
        
        First-line Defenses (Anatomic barriers):
        
        Against pathogens, human body involves several kinds of physical and chemical barriers. This includes skin, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid and urine. These barriers cover the external surfaces of the body and line the body cavities that come in contact with the external environment such as the surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts.
        
        Second-line Defences (Inflammatory Response Defense):
        
        If a pathogen is able to pass the first-line defense and starts an infection, second line defense become activated.
        
        Natural killer cells
        
        They attack body’s own cells that have become cancerous or have been
        invaded by viruses.
        
        Interferons
        
        When the pathogen is a virus, the infected cells produce a protein, called interferon,which causes nearby uninfected cells to produce enzymes that block the reproduction of viruses and activate macrophages.
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Phagocytes are white blood cells, which ingest foreign invaders and cellular debris by
        phagocytosis.
        
        Inflammatory response
        
        A reaction of the body that causes swelling, redness, warmth, and pain in the area of an infection.
        
        Because
        
        Tissue damage triggers the inflammatory response, which can disinfect and clean infected tissues and limit the spread of infection to surrounding tissues.
        
        Fever
        
        It is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens that makes the temperature of body to increase
    - - is
        
        When the inflammatory response defense is insufficient, the pathogens are destroyed by the last-line of defense-the immune system.
        
        It recognizes, attacks, destroys and "remembers" each kind of
        pathogen that enters body.
        
        It does this by producing antibodies & specific cells that bind and
        inactivate pathogens.
        
        Humoral (antibody-mediated ) immunity
        
        Humoral immunity is provided by B cells and the antibodies that they secrete into the blood that attack pathogens outside the body’s cells.
        
        Cell-mediated immunity
        
        Cell-mediated immunity is produced by a type of T cell called the cytotoxic T cell that attacks infected body cells, killing both the cell and any pathogens inside it.
      - Things that play roll in
        Adaptive immunity
        
        Antigen:
        
        any substance that can cause an immune response by lymphocytes.
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        white blood cells that spend most of their time in the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system
        
        responsible for adaptive immunity,
        
        B lymphocytes
        
        They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules
        
        T lymphocytes
        
        Their roles include directly killing infected host cells, activating other immune cells