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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, PATHWAY ONE, PATHWAY TWO, Lymph fluid from legs and…

- - - - HEART
        
        is a
        
        cone-shaped organ
        
        located in
        
        thoracic cavity between
        the lungs
        
        protected by
        
        the sternum
        
        composed of
        
        three layers
        
        myocardium (middle)
        
        endocardium (innermost)
        
        pericardium (outermost)
        
        have
        
        two valves called semilunar valves
        
        allow
        
        blood
        
        to move from the ventricles
        
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        prevent
        
        backflow
        
        from these arteries
        
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        is a double pump
        
        the right side of the heart
        
        sends
        
        deoxygenated blood
        
        to the
        lungs
        
        the left side
        
        sends
        
        oxygenated blood
        
        to the rest of the body
        
        have
        
        cardiac cycle
        
        relaxation phase
        
        contraction phase
    - - transport
        
        blood to all parts of the body
    - - carries
        
        deoxygenated blood away
        
        from the
        
        right ventricle
        
        to the lungs
        
        and returns
        
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    - - carries
        
        oxygenated blood
        
        from the left ventricle
        
        through the arteries
        
        to the capillaries
        
        in the tissues of the body
      - provides
        
        the functional blood
        
        supply to
        
        all body tissue
      - carries
        
        oxygen and nutrients
        
        to the cells
      - picks up
        
        carbon dioxide and waste products
    - - have three kinds
        
        arteries
        
        carry blood
        
        away from the heart
        
        can withstand
        
        the high pressure of blood
        
        veins
        
        carry
        
        blood towards the heart
        
        capillaries
        
        consists of
        
        a single layer of endothelium
        
        increase
        
        surface area for
        
        gas and fluid exchange
      - Blood Pressure
        
        is the force blood exerts
        
        on vessel walls
    - - is the circulatory fluid
      - pH of blood is 7.4
      - functions are
        
        Transport
        
        oxygen, nutrients, hormones
        
        to
        
        tissues
        
        removes wastes
        
        carbon
        dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
        
        from
        
        from tissues
        
        Regulation
        
        Osmotic balance
        
        pH buffering
        
        Maintaining ion concentration
        
        of interstitial fluid
        
        Defence
        
        against microbes
        
        by
        
        antibody production
        
        Protection
        
        Coagulation
      - has
        
        two major components
        
        55% is
        
        a liquid, called plasma
        
        40–45% of are
        
        Red blood cells
        
        White blood cells
        
        Platelets
      - Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
        
        their cytoplasm is filled
        
        hemoglobin
        
        that
        
        transport oxygen
        
        each cell lives
        
        about 120 days
        
        after that
        
        destroyed in
        
        the liver or spleen
        
        produced by
        
        stem cells in the red bone marrow
        
        their rate of production
        
        controlled by
        
        a kidney hormone, erythropoietin
        
        which is released
        
        into the blood
        
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      - White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
        
        are
        
        defenders of the body
        
        are
        
        colorless cells
        
        protect
        
        the body from
        
        bacteria and viruses
        
        produce in
        
        Bone marrow and lympathic tissue
        
        function
        
        inside and outside
        
        the circulatory system
        
        have
        
        five major types
        
        Neutrophils
        
        engulf
        
        bacteria and cellular
        debris
        
        Basophils
        
        form
        
        mast cells in loose connective tissues
        
        Eosinophil
        
        form
        
        mast cells in loose connective tissues
        
        Monocytes
        
        engulf
        
        bacteria and cellular
        debris
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        produce
        
        antibodies
        
        are grouped into two
        
        B-Lymphocytes
        
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        T-lymphocytes
        
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      - Platelets (thrombocytes)
        
        are
        
        fragments of cells
        
        have not
        
        nuclei
        
        live for about
        
        5 to 12 days
        
        function in the
        
        clotting of blood
    - - circulates oxygen
      - removes carbon dioxide
      - Provides cells
        
        with nutrients
      - Removes
        
        the waste products of metabolism
        
        to the excretory organs for disposal
      - Protects
        
        the body against
        
        disease and infection
      - Clotting stops bleeding after injury
      - Transports
        
        hormones to
        
        target cells and organs
- - - - Lymph fluid
        
        have (inside)
        
        glucose
        
        amino acids
        
        white blood cells
        
        water
        
        minerals
        
        small molecule proteins
      - Lymphatic vessels
        
        does not have
        
        artery
        
        have
        
        vein and lymp capillaries
        
        have
        
        smooth muscle in
        their walls
        
        have
        
        one-way valves
        
        that
        
        prevent backflow
      - Lymph nodes
        
        found in
        
        armpit
        
        tonsil
        
        tonsil
        
        important for the
        
        proper functioning
        
        of the
        
        immune system
        
        acting as filters for
        
        foreign particles and
        cancer cells
        
        have
        
        white blood cells
        
        that are for defense
      - Lymphoid
        organs
        
        are
        
        spleen
        
        functions are
        
        production of
        
        lymphocytes
        
        destroying
        
        foreign particles
        
        thymus
        
        secretes hormones
        
        concerned with the activity of
        
        T-lymphocytes
        
        tonsils
        
        contain
        
        white blood cells
        
        that destroys
        
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        adenoids
        
        appendix
        
        are production centers
        
        or infection-fighting cells
        
        are sites for some
        
        defense responses
    - - 1.Return the excess filtered fluid
        
        to the
        
        bloodstream
      - 2.Return of small amounts of proteins
        
        that leave
        
        the capillaries
      - 3.Transport of fats and fat soluble vitamins absorbed
        
        from
        
        small intestine
        
        to the
        
        circulatory system
      - Helps to defend the body
        
        against
        
        infection
      - Prevent
        
        edema formation
- - - - INNATE(nonspecific) IMMUNITY
        
        involves
        
        nonspecific responses
        
        to
        
        pathogens
        
        is effective
        
        from the
        time of birth
        
        First-line Defenses (Anatomic barriers)
        
        involves
        
        several kinds of physical and chemical barriers
        
        skin
        
        sweat
        
        tears
        
        saliva
        
        mucus
        
        entraps pathogens that are
        
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        stomach acid
        
        urine
        
        These barriers cover the
        external surfaces of the body
        
        Second-line Defences (Inflammatory Response Defense)
        
        involves
        
        Phagocytes
        
        are white blood cells
        
        which ingest
        
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        three important types are
        
        macrophages
        
        neutrophils
        
        dendritic cells
        
        they consume
        
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        Natural killer cells
        
        attack
        
        body’s own cells that
        
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        kill any “nonself” cells
        
        they encounter by releasing
        
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        Interferons
        
        are
        
        antimicrobial proteins
        
        protectes
        
        healthy cells
        
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        Inflammatory response
        
        a reaction of the body
        
        that causes
        
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        Fever
        
        is a systemic inflammatory response
        
        released by macrophages
        
        stimulates cells
        
        infected by
        
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      - ACQUIRED(specific)
        IMMUNITY
        
        when the inflammatory response
        
        defense is insufficient
        
        the pathogens are destroyed by the last-line
        
        Humoral (antibody-mediated ) immunity
        
        is provided by
        
        B cells
        
        produce
        
        specific antibodies
        
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        Some activated ones
        
        remain as
        
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        Cell-mediated immunity
        
        is produced by
        
        cytotoxic T cell
        
        They promote
        
        phagocytosis
        
        kills both
        
        the cell and any pathogens inside it
    - - fight
        
        harmful substances
      - recognize and neutralize
        
        harmful substances
    - - Active immunity
        
        develops
        
        naturally in response to an infection
        
        can also develop following immunization
        
        called vaccination
        
        a vaccine may contain
        
        weakend dead pathogens
        
        or
        
        the toxins of pathogen
      - Passive immunity
        
        provides
        
        immediate, short-term protection
        
        artificially by injecting
        
        antibodies (serum) into a nonimmune person
- - - - that keeps
        
        the
        blood circulating
    - - that conduct
        
        the blood
        throughout the body
    - - that serves as
        
        a medium of transport
- - - - too few RBCs
        
        or
        
        an insufficient amount of hemoglobin
  - - - including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system
  - - - is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system