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THERMODYNAMICS The study of energy and energy transformations, including…

- - - - Total energy entering the system - total energy leaving the system = change in the total energy of the system
- - - - Intensive
        
        Independent of the mass of a system
        
        T, P
      - Extensive
        
        Values depend on the size or extent of the system.
    - - Isolated - no energy/mass transfer across boundary
      - Closed system(control mass) - only energy transferred
      - Open system(control volume) - energy & mass transferred
- - - - no unbalanced potentials
        (or driving forces) within the system.
- - - - A process during which the initial
        and final states are identical.
    - - Compressed/ sub-cooled liquid - Not about to vaporize
      - Saturated liquid - About to vaporize
      - Superheated vapor - Not about to condense
      - Saturated liquid-vapor mixture - Boiling
      - Saturated vapor - About to condense
- - - - The temperature at which a pure substance changes phase at a given pressure.
  - - - The pressure at which a pure substance changes phase at a given temperature.
    - - The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.
- - - - Convection
      - Radiation
      - Conduction
      - Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature.
        
        Cold --> Hot body (require work)
        
        Hot --> Cold body (spontaneous)
    - - A process during which there is no heat transfer
        
        System is well insulated
        
        Both system & surroundings are at same temperature, T
    - - Latent heat of fusion
        
        The amount of energy absorbed during melting. It is equivalent to the amount of energy released during freezing.
      - Latent heat
        
        The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase change process.
      - Latent heat of vaporization
        
        The amount of energy absorbed during vaporization and it is equivalent to the energy released during condensation
- - - - Superheated vapor
        
        Temperature and pressure are independent properties.
        
        Temperatures above the critical point temperature.
      - Saturated Vapor
        
        A vapor that is about to condense.
    - - Compressed liquid
        
        Water exists in the
        liquid phase, not about to vaporize.
    - - temperature of a substance is below the triple point temperature
  - - - Ideal gas equation of state
      - A measure of derivative from ideal gas equation
        
        compressibility factor Z,