Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Solutions - Coggle Diagram
Solutions
Solubility
The amount of a solute that is required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature
Temperature must be specified when determining solubility, and gas pressure(for gases)
The maximum of solute that dissolves is constant under the same conditions if you don't increase the concentration
-
Temperature
As temperature increases, the solubility increases for that substance; however for gases, it's an inversely proportional relationship
As temperature raises, the avg. KE increases; this causes more particles to escape the attraction of solvent particles and enter the gas phase; then equilibrium is reached with fewer particles, decreasing the solubility
-
-
Solution
Solute
The substance in the solution that is being dissolved; generally about 0.01 to 1 nm in diameter; smaller in size than the solvent
A solute can be hard to determine if the solution is composed 50% of the solute, and 50% of the solvent
-
Solution
-
Particles in a solution, are arranged in a uniform manner, in which they are spread throughout the solution
Solutions can exist in all phases; can be solid-solid solutions(alloys); liquid-liquid solutions; gas-gas solutions; solid-liquid solutions
Henry's Law
-
An increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium at a higher rate since more collisions means more molecules dissolving
Nonvolatile solutes
A nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure since molecules of the solvent must overcome the forces between itself and the forces between the solvent-solute bonds. Nonvolatile solutes interfere with the solvent, which lowers the vapor pressure
In a aqueous/nonvolatile solutions, water's high vapor pressure causes more water molecules to evaporate; once those molecules evaporate they enter into the nonvolatile solution(in a sealed container), causing the volume to increase. This dilutes the aqueous solution causing the concentration to be equal
Nonvolatile solute doesn't contribute to the vapor pressure since solvents evaporate in a solution. As a result, nonvolatile solutes will lower the vapor pressure
Electrolytes
Strong Electrolytes
Any compound whose aqueous solution can conduct electricity well due to most or all of the compound being dissolved in ions
-
-
-
Weak electrolytes
Compounds whose aqueous solution doesn't conduct electricity well since little to none of it is dissolved as ions
types of solutions
-
Saturated solutions
-
A solution will move from unsaturated to saturated once it exceeds the solubility for that substance
Supersaturated Solutions
-
When a crystal is added to a supersaturated solution, some of the solvent evaporates until it equilibrium is established at a lower temperature
Concentration
-
Dilute vs concentrated
-
-
The terms dilute and concentrated are unrelated since concentration deals with the amount of solute in a solvent while dilute means there is a small amount of solute in the solvent
-
Solution process
Step 1
-
Enthalpy of solution: the net amount of heat energy that is absorbed when a specific amount of solute dissolves
The enthalpy of solution is positive when the sum of attraction between step 1 and 2 is greater than step 3(more energy absorbed than released)
Step 2
Solvent particles separate from each other allowing solute particles to bond with the solvent particles
As the solution forms, the bonds change from solute-solute bonds to solute-solvent attractions
Step 3
-
If the solvent and solute attract each other well, the value is large and negative; if they don't, the value is small and negative
A solution is solvated once the solute particles are dissolved with the solvent particles after enough energy has been applied
types of mixtures
Colloid
Shine light
Tyndall Effect: able to see particles due to Brownian motion, if you shine light through the colloid
Settle upon standing
Particles don't settle upon standing due to intermolecular forces keeping them dispersed throughout the liquid
Size of particles
in between size of solutions and suspensions(1 to 1000 nm); small until you shine light through them'
Suspension
size of particles
Particles are over 1000 nm in diameter(larger than solutions); large enough to be seen without being stirred or agitated
Settle upon standing
Do settle upon standing, if not stirred or agitated;
-