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THE COLD WAR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Showing benefits of capitalism as opposed to communism
      - Conservative family values
  - - - Race in the development of nuclear weaponry
        
        Threats of nuclear attacks and war
      - Cuban missile crisis, the closest humans have ever been to nuclear war
      - Expensive!
    - - Immense development in space technology following the competition to acquire space dominance and superior spaceflight capability
        
        First humans in space, Vostok 1
        
        Apollo 11, first humans on the Moon
        
        First mammals in space
        
        Laika the dog (Russia)
        
        Ham and Enos the Chimpanzees (USA)
        
        First artificial satellite Sputnik. Psychological victory for USSR, caused panic in USA and led to creation of NASA
    - - The olympics
        
        Although the Olympics are about friendly competition, the Olympics took on more and more political overtones as the cold war increasingly heated up
        
        During this time the Olympics became a symbolic struggle between the communistic and capitalistic systems
  - - - Right-wing ideologies
      - Capitalism
      - Democracy and free elections
      - West's NATO 1949
    - - Left-wing ideologies
      - Communism
      - Totalitarianism
      - East's Warsaw Pact 1955
  - - - No direct armed conflicts: "long peace"
        
        The concept of "long peace" well applies to Europe, North America and the relations between USSR and USA
        
        The concept of "long peace" did not accurately describe the states and experiences of all countries as some countries in Asia, the Americas and Africa were experiencing conflicts
  - - - Living standards, civil rights, political freedoms, culture, etc.
  - - - Capitalism
        
        Private ownership, individuals, families or companies are not restricted by state, rather are led by the "invisible hand of the" competition of market economy.
        
        The wealth and jobs in the society is created by companies and wealthy individuals.
        
        LIberal parliamentary system, indirect democracy and political rights: free speech, freedom of press, information, right to form parties and societies, assembly, religion and right to protest peacefully support the capitalistic system
      - Communism
        
        Idea of creating a classless society based on interpretation of writing of Marx and Lenin.
        
        The most important parts of society should be owned and controlled by the state, local councils or co-operatives
- - - - Mulitple points at which wolrd destruction was feared
    - - USSR = "totalitarian" Nazi Germany
      - USA = inherently violence-inducing capitalist regime
  - - - Some believe that they were not equals in contest
      - Capitalism vs. Communism
        
        Some, however, believe that this is not included in the Cold War, and they'd rather apply it to particualry tense periods
        
        Leads to deteriorated relationship between the US and the USSR
      - These two powers wanted to divide the world between themselves and weren't actually that much against each other. They just were competing for the bigger slice of the world
- - - - Art had new inspiration from the increasingly popular anti-war sentiments
      - Cinema
        
        Espionage also became an increasingly popular topic in entertainment and many conspiracies arose
        
        Nuclear conflicts created a whole new form of dystopian literature and new genre of movies
        
        Red Scare Filmography was also used to spread anti-communism=films were used as propaganda
        
        The Soviet Union also had strict restrictions in the type of filmography that could be produced, which lead to it being used as propaganda
      - Dystopian literature starts to increase in popularity
      - Ethnocentric and nationalist values in American art became very prevalent, as America was seen through adoring eyes
    - - Soviet investments in chess and Olympic Games lead to dominance in sports until the end of 1970s
      - Following the USSR invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the USA boycotts the Olympics due to take place in Moscow in 1980 - several US allies join in
  - - - WWII: The United States secretly developed nuclear arms and then used them to effectively stop the war by bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
      - American nuclear monopoly was ended in 1949, when the USSR successfully tests their first atomic bomb
      - 1955: Doctrine of Massive Retaliation
        
        The United States publishes this doctrine to state that opposing forces will be met with mass destruction
      - 1957-58: First ever Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) were invented by both parties. This increases international threat.
      - Nuclear missiles are incorporated in submarine designs
      - 1961: The USSR detonates the Tsar Bomba, a nuclear bomb which produced the largest ever man-made explosion
      - 1962: The Cuban Missile Crisis – for 13 days the world stood on the edge of nuclear war
      - Conventional Forces in Europe treaty of November 1990 was signed and the nuclear arms race ended
        
        Competition of nuclear arms has, however, ensued after that, since other countries have developed their own and for example North Korea has recently caused reasons for concern
    - - On the 4th of October in 1957, the USSR successfully launched Sputnik 1, the first Earth-orbiting satellite in history.
        
        A month later, on 3rd of November, Sputnik 2 is launched into space. The dog on board, Laika, became the first humandsend living organism in space
        
        Leads to New Math curriculum in the United States to promote science in schools
      - October 1st 1958: NASA is created
      - Multiple discoveries are made of the space
      - The first man to go to space was launched by the Soviet Union on April 12th 1961. Yuri Gagarin survived this, spending almost two hours in space before making it back
      - 18 March 1965: Alexei Leonov leaves his spacecraft and conducts the first space walk
      - 21 December 1968: Apollo 8 becomes the first human-crewed spacecraft to reach the Moon, orbit it, and successfully return to Earth.
      - 20 July 1969: Abroad Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong and later Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the first men to walk on the Moon. This secured a victory for America in the Space Race with a televised landing witnessed around the world by 723 million people.
  - - - Despite this, they were still often loosely aligned with China or the USSR
  - - - Atomic spies
      - September 1986 - American Journalist Nicholas Daniloff gets arrested in Russia and is accused of spying
        
        In defence, USA arrests & accuses Gennadi Zakharov, a Russian embassy worker and calls a special summit meeting, which takes place between Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev and US president Ronald Reagan
  - - - There were permanent seats in the Security council for the USA, the USSR, Britain China and (later) France
      - The two super powers dominated the Security council, so it was not as independent or neutral as it was supposed to
    - - After Belgium ends its colonial rule, a crisis rises in the Congo. A party supported by Belgium, France and Britain (Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga) and the Congolese army attempt to take over the province of Katanga. Congolese government appeals to the UN.
        
        The UN Security Council sends in help although Britain and France abstain (Opération des Nations Unies au Congo, ONUC). This force fails to stand up against the Congolese army (Armée Nationale Congolaise, ANC).
        
        Congolese president Lumumba is convinced that the UN serves European imperialist powers only - he asks the USSR for assistance instead and receives military equipment
        
        UN closes Congo's airports and main radio station
        
        USSR denounce UN's project ONUC as a tool of Western imperialism
        
        ANC rids the Congo of Soviet diplomats, which strenghtens Soviet fears of Western power
        
        After the General Assembly of UN appears to indirectly recognize the new military government of the Congo (ANC), president Lumumba leaves the UN
        
        Lumumba is humiliated and murdered by the ANC (backed by Belgium and USA's CIA)
    - - Refusal to recognize communist government of China in 1949
      - U.S president Harry Truman described the UN as a 'God-given tool' to resist the USSR
  - - - This fear gathered hundreds of thousands of protesters
      - People feared nuclear war extensively
      - Important protests
        
        1961: Women Strike for Peace organized protests that gathered up 50 000 women
        
        1981: Hundreds of thousand across Europe demonstrate against the again present threat of nuclear war
        
        1982: A million protesters gather in New York to protest against nuclear arms
        
        1983: 3 million people across Europe protest against nuclear arms
    - - Protest against war in Vietnam
        
        1969: The Peace Moratorium. It is believed that 2 million people took part in this protest against the continuation of the Vietnamese war
  - - - Western style consumerism was born
        
        Barbie is a prime example of this
    - - The United States made their influence on the world even stronger
    - - US influences start to "colonize" other cultures and coutnries
      - A feeling of supremacy in the US increases. They saw themselves to be freedom and democracy itself
  - - - Some economists have called the Cold War the 'beginning of U.S economic problems'
  - - - This was especially problematic, since for example the entire continent of Africa had just been under colonial rule and building independent and prosperous states was, and is still, a huge issue due to corruption and foreign influences.
- - - - They worked together to defeat Germany
  - - - After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the relationship of the USA and USSR returned back to a "normal" state (there had been no trust between the countries from the start)
  - - - Germany was divided into four zones which were administered by the US, the USSR, Britain and France. Stalin wanted to destroy the German economy, whereas the Western Allies wanted to make Germany strong enough for world trade. This resulted in the Berlin blockade in which the western sectors of Berlin were blocked.
    - - President Harry S. Truman pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey
      - It was the foundation of American foreign policy and led to the formation of NATO in 1949
      - Implied American support for nations which were threatened by Soviet communism
      - The Marshall plan was introduced to revive the economies of Western Europe. USSR forced many countries, such as Finland, to deny this help.
    - - The Berlin blockade was one of the first major crisis of the Cold War.
      - The Korean war was a war between North Korea, supported by the USSR and China, and South Korea, supported by the United Nations
      - The Vietnam war was a war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the USSR, China and other communist allies, whereas South Vietnam was supported by the US and several other anti-communist allies.
    - - China becomes communist after a civil war in 1949
    - - A political and military alliance in the West
    - - A period during which Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin Senator) produced a series of investigations and hearings to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the US government
  - - - A concept promoted by Nikita Khrushchev which stated that socialist states could peacefully coexist with the capitalist states. The Soviet Union applied this to relations between the western world.
    - - USSR moved missiles to Cuba, right below the US. This caused an immediate crisis between the two powers and was perhaps the closest world has ever been to a nuclear war.
    - - The wall was built to prevent Germans from escaping Soviet-controlled East Germany to West Germany, which was controlled by Western Allies
  - - - SALT I and SALT II
      - CSCE conference
  - - - The Soviet Army supported the ruling PDPA party and fought along with the Afghan Army against rebel factions supported by the US and other countries
    - - Increasing development of nuclear weapons due to worsening relationship
    - - There was a severe economic downturn which affected living standards and made waging the Cold War more costly
      - Because of the rapid industrial and technological growth, the agricultural sector shrank. Soon the Soviet Union could not even produce enough grain for its people.
  - - - The space race played a major role in ruining the Soviet economy
      - Revolutionary wave in the East Europe in 1989
    - - A missile system that would be based in space and protect the US from enemy missiles
      - The Soviet economy would not be able to withstand the costs of trying to match this new nuclear technology