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HYPERGLYCAEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC SYNDROME, PANCREATIC CANCER,…
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PANCREATIC CANCER
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Refer to visiting nurse, home health agency as needed, or hospice program, if appropriate.
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Prevent distruction actions, enable the patient to maintain and control self-esteem
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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It can attack surrounding visceral organs like duodenum, stomach and in colons.
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Any other abdominal surface are also at risk because the are affected sometimes via peritoneal spread
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DEFINITION
Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas — an organ in your abdomen that lies behind the lower part of your stomach.
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HEARING DISORDER
CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Conductive hearing loss occurs secondary to lesions in the external auditory canal, tympanic membrane (TM), or middle ear. These lesions prevent sound from being effectively conducted to the inner ear.
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MIXED HEARING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Mixed loss may be caused by severe head injury with or without fracture of the skull or temporal bone, by chronic infection, or by one of many genetic disorders. It may also occur when a transient conductive hearing loss, commonly due to otitis media , is superimposed on a sensorineural hearing loss
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
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Difficulty understanding words, especially against background noise or in a crowd.
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Frequently asking others to speak more slowly, clearly and loudly.
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DEFINITION Mixed hearing loss has elements of both conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. This means there is damage to both the outer and inner ear
NURSING INTERVENTION
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• Provide an alternative means of communication for times when interpreters are not available (e.g., a phone contact who can interpret the patient’s needs).
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• Maintain eye contact with patient when speaking. Stand close, within patient’s line of vision (generally midline).
• Individualize techniques using breathing for relaxation of the vocal cords, rote tasks (such as counting), and singing or melodic intonation.
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• Maintain a calm, unhurried manner. Provide sufficient time for patient to respond.
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• Use confrontation skills, when appropriate, within an established nurse-patient relationship
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• Provide concrete directions that the patient is physically capable of doing (e.g., “point to the pain,” “open your mouth,” “turn your head”).
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• Refer to appropriate resources (e.g., speech therapist, group therapy, individual/family and/or psychiatric counseling
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