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Krashen’s ‘Monitor Model’ - Coggle Diagram
Krashen’s ‘Monitor Model
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Acquisition/learning hypothesis
Language is unconsciously acquired as we are exposed to it with examples that we already understand by we have heard it several times. We consciously learn the rules and forms of language. Language is more acquired than learned.
Acquisition
Pick up the language
It’s acquired unconscious
Formal teaching does not help
Exist implicit knowledge
Similar to child first language acquisition
Learning
Formal knowledge of language
know about a language
Conscious
Explicit knowledge
Formal teaching helps
Doesn’t result in communicative skills
Natural order hypothesis
It proposes that for language acquisition exist predictable sequences of second language acquisition similar to first language acquisition. Linguistic rules are not necessarily the first thing to be acquired, and those that are easier to enunciate are learned.
A predictable order is observed in the acquisition.
Certain structures tend to be acquired early while others will tend to be acquired late
Not every acquirer will acquire grammatical structure in the same exact order
Grammatical sequencing in not important when the goal is language acquisition
Comprehensible input hypothesis
Acquisition occurs when the acquirer is exposed to the language as long as it is comprehensible and contains the level of already acquired language to which new things can be added to reach a higher level.
how do we acquire language?
We acquired language (not learn) by comprehensible input (i+1)
Input precedes output. Speaking is not taught directly and emerges after the acquirer has built up competence through comprehending input.
affective filter hypothesis
Affective variables impact positively or negatively on subconscious language acquisition.
The large quantities of comprehensible input are not guaranteeing successful learn acquisition if the acquirer has a negative attitude, which is associated with poor learning outcomes
They encourage input
People who are motivated and have positive self-image will seek and obtain more input
They contribute to a lower filter
Lower filter is equal to better performance
Monitor hypothesis
It is basing on using language employing what they have acquired when they engage in spontaneous communication.
They often self-correct, or edit using acquisition, in both first and second language what the monitor hypothesis claims is that conscious learning has only this function that is not used to initiate production in a second language.
Conscious learning has extremely limited function in performance
It only can be used in the case where performer:
Has enough time
Attention and focus on structural forms
Knowledge of specific rules