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Iontophoresis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Basic principle –To place the ion under an electrode with the
        same charge (Active electrode).
        
        the positively charged chamber (anode)
        
        will repel a positively charged chemical into the skin
        
        the negatively charged chamber (cathode)
        
        will repel a negatively charged chemical into the skin
        
        Conventionally, the electrode under which the ionic solution
        is placed is called the ACTIVE electrode
        (other terms include
        TREATMENT electrode or DELIVERY electrode).
        
        The other electrode, which is used to complete the circuit is
        most commonly called the DISPERSIVE, INDIFFERENT,
        INACTIVE or RETURN electrode.
        
        image
        
        The ions are driven into the skin via the pores
        
        hair follicles, sweat gland ducts
        
        rather than through the stratum corneum per se (the stratum has a high resistance, thus limited current passes through it - the ducts are lower resistance, will allow greater passage of current, thus the route of preference).
        
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    - - Continuous direct (Galvanic) current
        
        milliamp minutes (mA.minutes)
        
        This is the product of the current amplitude, measured in millamps,
        
        and the time,
        measured in minutes.
        
        40mA.minutes
        
        Negative electrode
        
        sodium hydroxide-alkaline reaction
        
        use larger electrode.(2x size of anode)
        
        Positive electrode
        
        hydrochloric acid
        
        acidic reaction.
        
        The magnitude of the local reaction
        (independent of the ions utilized) will depend on :
        
        Current Intensity (more current, greater reaction)
        
        Time (longer time, stronger reaction)
        
        Tissue Resistance (greater resistance, stronger reaction)
        
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      - General Principles of Application
        
        Constant current stimulator
        is preferable to
        constant voltage stimulator.
        
        Safe current density
        
        at the negative electrode
        (cathode-no more than 0.5mA/cm2 is applicable)
        -
        
        at the positive(anodal) electrode.-
        1.0mA/cm2
        
        Maximum Current (mA) = Maximum Safe Current Density (mA/cm2) x Electrode area (cm2)
        
        table of commonly used medications & solutions in iontophoresis
        
        Technique of application
        
        A source of
        constant direct current of
        low voltage and
        low amperage.
        
        A shallow plastic tray for the anode
        
        A foot or arm bath for the cathode
        
        Two large electrodes and leads
        
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        Method of treatment
        
        Hyperhidrosis
        
        Hands
        
        Active electrode-anode in the plastic tray
        with 0.05 per cent solution of the
        anticholinergic compound,
        glycopyrronium bromide
        in distilled water to cover the palm well.
        
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        Feet-
        
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        Precautions
        
        Skin abrasions
        
        Remove the patient’s rings
        
        Warn the patient to remain still during treatment
        
        Ensure correct thickness of pads.
        
        Side effects
        
        Drying of the mouth and throat
        
        Restricted general body sweating
        (avoid strenuous activities)
        
        Contraindications
        
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  - - - The term iontophoresis is simply defined as ion transfer
        (ionto = ion; phoresis = transfer).