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APUSH Period 9, Presidents - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cold-war conservatives
        
        contain or roll back communism
        
        in post-cold war, interventionists say more us action abroad, esp middle east
      - pro-biz economic conservatives and free-market Libertarians
        
        lower corporate taxes, deregulation, friendly to big bis
        
        "laissez-faire" but want govt contracts for military to large corpos
      - religious and cultural wing
        
        The Moral Majority
        
        Reverse decline of traditional family values of '60s and '70s liberalism
        
        greatest grassroots
        
        tradition-minded, didn't like counterculture of 1960s
        
        Just say NO! Nancy Reagan advocated that people say no to sex(?) and drugs
    - - sense of hope and optimism -- new "morning in america"
      - military build-up, vs soviet union, voice to New Right
      - Reagan appoints 4 conservative SCOTUS justices
        
        Sandra Day O'Connor, first female SCOTUS justice
    - - Economic Recovery Act of 1981 - massively cut various taxes on the rich
      - help the supply side (manufacturers, banks, corpos) --> economic growth --> help everyone
      - deregulation, etc
      - similar to hoover's approach
      - according to marco learning, less tax means more money supply??
    - - Republican party got control of House and Senate
      - call for action for conservative stuff
        
        tough on crime, tort reform, welfare reform
      - showed New Right idea and determination
    - - one of the signs of growing partisanship
      - affair with Monica Lewinsky
      - impeached on crimes of lying to a grand jury and obstructing justice
        
        he had denied publicly and before jury
    - - Unusual for SCOTUS to get involved like this
    - - major victory for new right
    - - criticized since lack of funding
    - - TEA (Taxed Enough Already) Party - Libertarian faction of Rep party, rose in 2010 Midterms
        
        tyranny!! fascism!! communism!!!!!!!
      - used charisma + internet to win
  - - - since creation of the 2 in LBJ's great society, they've expanded
      - costs of them increase since "graying of america"
      - Reagan said no big gov, but he led effort to pass bill to ensure the programs stay up
    - - $900B in 1980 to $2T in 1986
      - Reagan cutting taxes but increased $ on armaments
  - - - General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) (1994)
        
        led to creation of World Trade Organization (1995)
        
        "intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade between nations" (ty wikipedia)
      - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993)
        
        eliminated trade barriers and tariffs among US, canada, mexico
        
        opponents worry cant ensure environmental regs, worker's rights, protect small industries from foreign competition
    - - labor organizations
        
        loss of american manufacturing jobs
      - environmentalists
        
        free trade treaties will prevent participating countries from environmental protections
        
        protest at WTO in Seattle, WA IN 1999
    - - workfare - must begin to work after 2 years
      - 1996, clinton moved welfare to state level
    - - hillary clinton chaired taskforce - 1000 pages long - too confusing for Americans
      - opposed by corpos, shot down by repubs
    - - lots of $ to keep up with graying of america
      - some say put more money
      - some say privatize
    - - repub say deregulation
      - dems say regulate to prevent reckless behavior
    - - banks bailed out by HW Bush
        
        $120 billion
        
        economists say moral hazard -- corpos become more willing to take risks since costs borne by others
      - risky investments, downturn in housing market
    - - govt responses
        
        Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) (2008) -- BUSH
        
        $700 billion -- bailout to corpos and stuff
        
        $82 billion to GM and Chrysler
      - stimulus package
        
        American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) - Obama
        
        $800 billion to state and local govts for infra, school, hospitals
        
        Keynesian economics!
      - Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010)
        
        established Financial Services Oversight Council
        
        designed to end "too big to fail"
        
        economists critical of that since moral hazard
        
        critics say not strong to end to too big to fail
        
        Trump and republicans trying to roll it back
      - banks gave subprime mortgages, gave to wall street risk spread out. 2007 housing bubble burst, homeowners "underwater" and foreclosed
        
        investors with toxic assets, banks stop lending, consumers stop buying
        
        dowjones lost half its value
    - - Affordable Care Act (2010) aka Obamacare - those uninsured by their employer can get private insurance with public money
        
        Individual Mandate - forced individuals to get insurance or pay a penalty
      - Impact
        
        dramatically reduced # of uninsured americans
      - challenged in SCOTUS twice, largely held up
- - - - digital revolution
        
        ENIAC - first general purpose computer in 1946
        
        microprocessor in 1971
        
        transistors in 1948
        
        Apple PC 1977
        
        IBM PC 1980s
      - more economic productivity
        
        economy grows since 1955
        
        however, not expected increases in standards of living
    - - development and spread of the internet
        
        Dot Com Bubble - investment in e-commerce and NASDAQ, burst in 2000
        
        E-commerce was a problem for brick and mortar stores
        
        Online music piracy was a problem for the music industry
        
        NAPSTER
        
        1960s -- Dept of Def made internet. 1980s university as well. World Wide Web in Switzerland
        
        letter writing gone, traditional news outlets needed to adapt
    - - deindustrialization of america
        
        factores close in NE and rust belt cities
        
        some move to South
        
        many went to developing countries since less wages and less environmental regulations
        
        free trade agreements accelerated this trend
      - decline of union membership
        
        Reagan fired PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers' Organization) strikers (1981) - destroyed the Union
        
        consistent with his supply-side economics
        
        because decline in manufacturing job
        
        1970 -- 380 major strikes/lockouts
        2021 -- only 11
        
        right-to-work laws: workers no give $ to union even if represented by them
      - growth of service sector (lower paying than manufacturing jobs)
        
        low wage tertiary sector retail and fast food jobs
        
        contrib to stagnation of wages, and income gap
    - - growth of income gap
        
        very large
        
        increase in debt, decrease in consumer spending
        
        contrib by no high-paying manufacturing jobs, and growth of low-sage service jobs
  - - - CA, TX, AZ, NV, FL
      - as early as WW2 attracted people for defense industries
      - FL for "sunbirds"
      - lots of immigration from latin america
    - - post-1965 immigration pattners
        
        Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
        
        immigration in 33% of pop growth
      - changing ethnic makeup of the US
        
        % of non-hispanic whites increasing
        
        not majority by 2042
    - - Debates
        
        Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 - made it illegal to hire undocumented workers, but also granted amnesty to those already here
        
        New Right says cultural impact
        
        republican party is anti-immigrant
      - immigration policy under Obama
        
        2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
        
        undocumented immigrants who are minors can receive deferrals
        
        Obama tried executive -- Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) but courts said no
        
        2.5 million deportations - more than ever
      - redefining family structures
        
        non-married households
        1972: 26%
        1998: 47%
      - women in professions
        
        quiet revolution
        
        pay gap
        
        glass ceiling in workplace hierarchy
        
        push for govt-funded daycare and more participation by men in childcare
      - LGBTQ rights movement, changing public perceptions
        
        AIDS crisis - Reagan refused to talk about it
        
        CDC said AIDS caused by HIV in 1981 alone
        
        NIH slow -- only acknowledge and investigate by 1987
        
        Christain saw AIDS as god's punishment
        
        ACT-UP group for gay communities, protests
        
        Don't Ask, Don't Tell (1994) - Dept of Defense says only closeted gays. Repealed by act of congress in 2011
        
        same-sex marriage
        
        Obergefell vs Hodges (2015) -- marriage fundamental right, must be given to same-sex
        
        1993 Hawaii supreme court Baehr v Lewin said ban on same-sex is unconstitutional (under state constitution)
        
        Hawaii then amended constitution to allow for it :)
        
        Defense of Marriage Act (1996) -- marriage between one man and woman
        
        2003 MA supreme judicial court -- state may not forbid same-sex marriages
        
        2009, VT legalized same-sex marriage thru legislation
        
        US vs Windsor (2013), struck down part of DOMA that said it's one man and woman
        
        1996 -- 27% support same-sex. 2015 -- 60%
      - Race, Economics, and Policing
        
        graduation and jobs opps for african americans, but bitter poverty for them too
        
        biased criminal justice system
        
        police brutality
        
        2013 black lives matter
- - - - Soviet-American relations from Detente to Confrontation
        
        Nixon did Detente, but then ussr invade afghanistan in 1979
        
        carter stopped grain sales, pushed for boycott of 1980 olympics
        
        reagan said soviet is evil empire
      - increased military spending, led to a growing deficit
        
        Strategic Defence Initiative (Star Wars, SDI) - develop technologically impossible system that would shoot Soviet missiles out of the sky
      - Reagan Doctrine
        
        Reagan invaded Grenada to topple a communist government there
        
        support anticommunist regimes
        
        doesn't matter if dictators, just dont support USSR
      - Central America and Iran-Contra Scandal (went public in 1986)
        
        aka Iran Contras
        
        Reagan supported the Nicaraguan Contras in overthrowing the Sandinista government; Congress prohibited support for the Contras
        
        Contra scheme - sell arms to Iran (still technically our enemy), then send that money to the Contras
        
        Congress found out, found Reagan admin. officials but not Reagan himself guilty
        
        Teflon president
    - - Reforms under Gorbachev
        
        Glasnost - increase political freedom
        
        Perestroika - allow limited free-market capitalism in USSR
      - Poland democratically elects non-Communist leader
      - Agreements after the fall
        
        START I (1991) - US and Russia reduced arms
        
        START II (1993) - US offered funds to help rebuild Russia
      - Fall of Berlin Wall, represents the end of the Cold War (1989)
    - - George HW Bush and Persian Gulf War
        
        Operation Desert Storm (1991): air strikes against Iraqi targets
        
        successful, boosted his rep
        
        Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and that put oil at risk, you know what that means!
        
        Iran had to submit to UN and was searched for Weapons of Mass Destruction
        
        Indicated a new focus on spreading democracy and human rights in ME
        
        hmmm
      - Yugoslavia
        
        Bosnian ethnic cleansing (1992-95)
        
        1995 Dayton Agreement -- Clinton
      - Middle East
        
        Lebanon- Marines went there as peacekeeping force with UN and a suicide bomber killed 240 of them
        
        Camp David discussions in 2000, b/w Israel and Palestine, set up by Clinton, no real solution
  - - - Attacks of September 11, 2001 - planes crashed into Twin Towers in World Trade Center and the Pentagon
        
        Bush's approval rating skyrocketed
        
        Passengers of 4th plane took over against hijackers, prevented destruction
      - War in Afghanistan
        
        Find and kill Osama Bin Laden, responsible for 9/11
        
        US quickly overthrew Afghan gov't, but couldn't find Bin Laden
        
        US finally killed Bin Laden in 2011 under Obama
      - War with Iraq
        
        Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003) - not necessarily as successful as desert storm
        
        Based on evidence that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein played a role in 9/11 and was developing WMD's, both later disproven
        
        Overthrew Saddam Hussein and made new govt easily
        
        But no stability -- invasion actually made situation worse
    - - USA PATRIOT Acts (2001 and 2003)
        
        six weeks after 9/11
        
        whywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhywhy
        
        PRISM
        
        Edward Snowden's exposition of gov't surveillance (2013)
        
        he wrote permanent record (read it)
        
        warrantless searching of records and wiretapping!!!!!!!!!!
        
        done by ur freedom loving american govt
      - Department of Homeland Security (made 2003)
      - Tactics during the war on terrorism
        
        Outlawed torture, but continued "enhanced interrogation techniques" - waterboarding
        
        Guantanamo Bay detention camp
        
        Hamdan v Rumsfeld (2006): W Bush cant hold detainees indefinitely
      - Obama and the War on Terrorism
        
        renewed PRISM -- NSA can data mine everything
        
        obamaprism
        
        killed bin Laden in 2011
        
        extended 3 measures of patriot act which were going to expire
        
        didn't close guantanamo bay despite promise to
        
        increased drone attacks
    - - 1992 Earth Summit
        
        United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNCFCC)
      - 1997 Kyoto Protocol
        
        industrialized countries reduce greenhouse gases
      - 2015 Paris Agreement
        
        broad co2 reduction
      - US Climate Alliance - indiv. states pledge to uphold paris agreement
      - Climate change and energy policy
    - - W Bush and withdrawal from international community
        
        withdrew from Kyoto Protocol
        
        withdrew from Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty
        
        2002 withdrew from treaty creating the UN's International Criminal Court
      - W. Bush Doctrine
        
        away from deterrence and containment, more aggressive approach
        
        pre-emptive strikes against nations perceived as threats
        
        "axis of evil" -- Iraq, Iran, North Korea
      - Obama and the Middle East
        
        2011 killing of Osama Bin Laden
        
        Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
        
        no sanctions vs Iran in return for no creation of nuclear bomb
      - Tensions with Russia
        
        in 2002, withdrew from 1971 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty w/ Russia
        
        some good -- 2010 New Start Treaty , reduction of nuclear stuff and on-site inspections
        
        Putin reject democracy, legislation against LGBT
        
        other side of Syrian Civil War, occupied Crimea (part of Ukraine)
        
        Putin embraced Trump -- some evidence he interfered and colluded w/ Trump
      - Normalizing relations with Cuba
        
        Hostile since Castro
        
        no one pushed for normalization before since a) human rights violations b) Castro Cubans in FL, a swing state
        
        2015, Obama said normal relations
        
        2017 Trump suspended policy of no sanctions with Cuba, but still diplomatic relations