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Connor Cheshier-period 2 Q4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Truman called on the UN when North Korea invaded South Korea, and the UN sent in troops
      - MacArthur criticized the president. In a letter to a member of Congress, MacArthur said he was being kept from doing his job. "We must win," he wrote. "There is no substitute for victory." In April 1951, the president removed MacArthur.
      - At the end of World War II, the East Asian country of Korea came under control of the United States and the Soviet Union
      - While Cold War tensions lingered in the background, the United States built a new kind of society after the war.
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        Americans were earning higher wages than ever before. They bought more consumer goods. As a result, factory production soared. A "baby boom," or increased birth rate, promised even more economic growth in the future.
        
        Americans used credit cards, charge accounts, and easy payment plans to purchase goods. With these tools, a person could buy a product today and pay for it later, a little bit at a time.
        
        President Eisenhower wanted government to be "smaller rather than bigger." He backed free enterprise.
    - - At the head of this growing movement was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP had worked since its founding in 1909 to improve African Americans' rights. One method they used was to work to change segregation of public education. In the 1950s, NAACP lawyers made a stunning breakthrough.
      - After suffering discrimination and unfair treatment for centuries, African Americans in the mid-1900s began to make real progress in winning an equal place in American life. They fought for equal rights in jobs, housing, and education. They also fought against segregation, the separation of people of different races. At that time, many African Americans lived with segregation in schools, housing, and many public places.
      - On May 17, 1954, the Court gave its ruling. The Court ruled 9–0 that separating schoolchildren by race went against the Constitution.
      - Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society made sweeping changes to American society.
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        President Kennedy also supported civil rights. He also feared that moving too quickly would anger white Southern Democrats, whose support he needed. In 1963 Kennedy's civil rights bill passed in the House but stalled in the Senate.
        
        President Johnson outlined a set of programs known as the "Great Society." His War on Poverty consisted of programs that helped people living below the poverty line—the income level required to obtain life's necessities. Two examples are the Head Start program, which provided preschool education, and the Job Corps, which trained young people seeking work.
        
        As president, Kennedy pushed forward a program that came to be called the "New Frontier." He backed federal aid for education and for the poor. Congress, however, did not want to fund expensive programs.
        
        The successes of the civil rights movement could not prevent tragedy and the spread of less peaceful protests.
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        In 1962 a federal court ordered the University of Mississippi to enroll its first African American student, James Meredith. Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and his state police kept Meredith from registering. Riots erupted when President Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect Meredith. A mob stormed a university building with guns and rocks. Marshals fought back with tear gas and nightsticks. Meredith did register, but two people died in the violence. Federal troops protected Meredith until he graduated in 1963.
        
        The protests continued. Horrified television viewers around the country watched as police set snarling dogs on unarmed demonstrators. They saw small children battered by powerful fire hoses. President Kennedy sent 3,000 troops to restore peace.
        
        In 1960 the Supreme Court ruled that bus stations could not be segregated. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) decided to find out if officials in the South were enforcing the ruling. On May 4, 1961, a group of African Americans and white CORE members left Washington, D.C. Calling themselves Freedom Riders, they filled two buses bound for New Orleans. The trip went smoothly until it reached Alabama. There, angry whites stoned and beat the Freedom Riders.
        
        The civil rights movement inspired women and groups such as Latinos, Native Americans, and disabled Americans to organize and push for equal rights.
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        The fight for rights started among Mexican American migrant farmworkers. These workers led difficult lives. They labored long hours in fields and orchards for low wages. In addition, they had to travel frequently, moving from farm to farm in search of the next job.
        
        In the years after World War II, Native Americans in the United States experienced many changes. The federal government urged Native Americans to leave their reservations and to work in cities. Federal policy also tried to weaken the power of tribal government. These efforts did not improve the lives of Native Americans. Many could not find jobs in the cities. Those who were still living on reservations had few jobs or other opportunities. More than one-third of Native Americans lived below the poverty line.
        
        The civil rights movement did more than expand freedom and opportunity for African Americans. It also helped women, Latinos, Native Americans, and people with disabilities. Women were the first to benefit. In 1963 Congress passed the Equal Pay Act. This law aimed to keep employers from paying women less than men for the same work.
      - The fear of communism in the 1960s created tension around the world and greatly influenced America's foreign policy.
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        One method Kennedy employed to deal with the challenges of the Cold War was to improve the country's ability to respond to threats abroad. In certain areas of the world, Communist groups fought to take control of their nations' governments. Many of these groups got help from the Soviet Union. They did not wage war in the way armies had in World War II or in Korea. Instead, they used guerrilla warfare, fighting with small groups of soldiers and using tactics such as ambush.
        
        Needing a way to fight guerrilla wars, Kennedy introduced a plan called flexible response. It provided help to nations fighting Communist movements. This plan used special military units that were trained to fight guerrilla wars. One of these units was the Special Forces, known as the Green Berets.
        
        John Kennedy became president in 1961. At that time, the American relationship with the Soviet Union was still unstable. The Cold War was the focus of much of the new president's effort. President Kennedy continued the anti-Communist foreign policy begun under Presidents Truman and Eisenhower, but he also brought some new ideas to the office. For example, during the presidential campaign, Kennedy led Americans to believe that the nation had fewer nuclear missiles than the Soviet Union. As president, Kennedy increased spending on these weapons. Meanwhile, he tried to convince the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, to agree to a ban on nuclear testing.
        
        The United States entered Vietnam in an attempt to fight the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
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        Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam's independence when Japan surrendered at the end of World War II. However, the French were unwilling to give up Vietnam and the other territories. They considered Indochina a valuable colony because it was rich in natural resources such as rice, rubber, and tin. Ho Chi Minh and his forces fought a long, bloody war against the French. They finally achieved victory in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu
        
        In 1954 the United States, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and Vietnam met in Geneva, Switzerland. A peace agreement called the Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into two halves. Communist nationalists would control the North. Non-Communists—supported by the United States—would control the South. Then, in 1956, Vietnam would hold elections to decide the government for all of Vietnam. Although neither the United States nor South Vietnam signed the agreement, they did not oppose it. The United States, however, made clear that it would act if Communist North Vietnam attacked the South.
        
        The roots of the Vietnam War can be traced back to World War II. In that war, Japanese forces captured the French colony of Indochina. The colony included what are today the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Vietnamese forces led by Communist Ho Chi Minh fought the Japanese.
        
        The Vietnam War caused strain within the United States and between the United States and other nations.
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        Opposition to the war increased as U.S. involvement increased. Some Americans wondered why the United States was involved in what appeared to be a civil war within Vietnam. Other Americans worried that the cost of the war was hurting programs in the United States. Still others viewed South Vietnam as a corrupt dictatorship. They believed that defending the country was unjust. All regretted the devastation of Vietnam's countryside and the lives lost in the war.
        
        Some opposition to the war came from the counterculture, a movement that rejected traditional American values. Popular music played a role in communicating counterculture ideas. Some parents were troubled by the music and other symbols of the counterculture—such as torn blue jeans and long hair for males.
        
        The war in Vietnam led to severe divisions among Americans. Those for and against the war staged large public demonstrations to air their beliefs. They also attacked each other with growing anger. Antiwar protesters called President Johnson and war supporters "killers." Supporters of the war called protesters "traitors." The war seemed to split the country. Much of the division came from what people called the generation gap, a divide between the views of younger people and older people.
        
        The Vietnam War took a heavy toll on America's soldiers and their families. It also changed the social and political climate in the United States.
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        At Nixon's urging, Congress made several changes to the draft system. These changes put an end to the practice of giving college deferments. They also ensured that only 19-year-olds could be called for service in Vietnam. Finally, draftees were now chosen by lottery on the basis of their birthdays. Protests against the draft faded with these reforms, in part because the government began drafting fewer young men. In addition, Nixon had promised to get rid of the draft in the future.
        
        President Nixon also cut back the number of American troops in Vietnam. Known as Vietnamization, this plan called for the South Vietnamese to take a more active role in fighting. At the same time, Americans would become less involved. As South Vietnamese soldiers took over, American troops would be gradually withdrawn from the country. In June 1969, Nixon announced the removal from Vietnam of the first 25,000 American soldiers. These steps were based on his "Nixon Doctrine," which involved shifting some responsibility for fighting communism to other nations. "America cannot—and will not," Nixon said, "conceive all the plans, design all the programs, execute all the decisions and undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world."
        
        Nixon ran for president on a promise of "peace with honor" in Vietnam. Shortly after taking office, Nixon began working toward ending U.S. involvement in the war. As a first step, the president named Henry Kissinger as his National Security Adviser. Kissinger was given wide authority to use his skills in diplomacy to end the conflict. To that end, he launched a policy he called "linkage." This policy aimed at improving relations with the Soviet Union and China. These countries were top suppliers of aid to North Vietnam. Kissinger hoped to get the two Communist nations to reduce their aid and help end the war.