heart HEART FAILURE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Congestive heart failure is the syndrome in which the heart has a reduced ability to fill or pump blood. This leads to a state where the heart is not pumping enough blood to get tissues adequate oxygen. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.

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MEDICATIONS

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors-

are

Captopril (Capoten)

Enalapril (Vasotec)

Fosinopril (Monopril)

Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)

Perindopril (Aceon)

Quinapril (Accupril)

Ramipril (Altace)

Trandolapril (Mavik

Angiotensin II Receptor -

are

Candesartan (Atacand)

Losartan (Cozaar)

Valsartan (Diovan)

Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNIs)- Sacubitril/valsartan

If Channel Blocker (or inhibitor) -Ivabradine (Corlanor)


Beta Blockers (Also known as Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents)-

are

Bisoprolol (Zebeta)

Metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)

Carvedilol (Coreg)

Carvedilol CR (Coreg CR) Toprol XL

Diuretics (Also known as water pills)-

are

Furosemide (Lasix)

Bumetanide (Bumex)

Torsemide (Demadex)

Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

Amiloride (Midamor Chlorthalidone (Hygroton)

Hydrochlorothiazide or HCTZ (Esidrix, Hydrodiuril)

Indapamide (Lozol)

Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

Other Medications

Anticoagulants (*blood thinners)

Cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins)

DIGOXIN

INTERVENTIONS

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Promoting activity tolerance. A total of 30 minutes of physical activity every day should be encouraged, and the nurse and the physician should collaborate to develop a schedule that promotes pacing and prioritization of activities.

Managing fluid volume. The patient’s fluid status should be monitored closely, auscultating the lungs, monitoring daily body weight, and assisting the patient to adhere to a low sodium diet.

Controlling anxiety. When the patient exhibits anxiety, the nurse should promote physical comfort and provide psychological support, and begin teaching ways to control anxiety and avoid anxiety-provoking situations.

Minimizing powerlessness. Encourage the patient to verbalize their concerns and provide the patient with decision-making opportunities.

Improve myocardial contractility/systemic perfusion.

Reduce fluid volume overload.

Prevent complications.

Provide information about disease/prognosis, therapy needs, and prevention of recurrences.