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Cellular Respiration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
      - 5 step process
        
        One of three carbon is released as carbon dioxide
        
        There is a redox reaction (NAD+ is reduced to produce NADH)
        
        Remainder is associated with a carrier molecule: coenzyme A (co-A), to produce acetyl-CoA
    - - Purpose: removing all remaining energy from the glucose molecule
      - 8 step process (each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme)
        
        Condensation reaction: Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to produce six-carbon molecule called citrate
        
        Isomerization reaction: citrate is rearranged
        
        Decarboxylation and redox reaction: loss of a carbon dioxide molecule to two hydrogen atoms that reduce NAD+ to NADH
        
        Decarboxylation and redox reaction and addition of CoA: loss of a carbon dioxide molecule to two hydrogen atoms that reduce NAD+ to NADH, and addition of coenzyme A
        
        Loss of CoA and phosphorylation of ATP; ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation
        
        2 more items...
        
        Decarboxylation
    - - Breaks down glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate
      - Takes place in the cytosol of the cell outside the mitochondrial membrane (text, pg 122)
      - 10 Step Reaction
        
        and 3. Rearranged and another ATP molecule is used to phosphorylate substrate molecules
        
        Six-carbon compound splits into 2 three-carbon compounds which are DHAP and G3P
        
        DHAP is converted to G3P
        
        Inorganic phosphate is added to G3P, NAD+ is reduced to form NADH (oxidation followed by phosphorylation)
        
        ADP converted to ATP using substrate level phosphorylation
        
        8.9. 3PG molecules are rearranged and water molecule is removed
        
        ADP converted to ATP using substrate level phosphorylation, ending up with two pyruvate molecules
        
        1.ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose
    - - Oxygen is required for process to occur
      - Electron Transport Chain
        
        NADH and FADH2 pass one at a time to electron carriers on the ETC
        
        Electron Carriers
        
        "Compounds that pick up electrons from energy-rich compounds and donate them to low-energy compounds," (text pg. 120)
        
        Electrons from NADH pass through 3 major complexes which use the electrons energy to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
        
        FADH2 skips the first major complex
        
        Final electron acceptor is oxygen: each oxygen combines with 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions to form a water molecule.
        
        The concentration of protons (hydrogen ions) on one side of the membrane create an electrochemical gradient
        
        "Electrochemical gradient is the concentration gradient and an electric potential across a membrane," (Carter-Edwards et al.,2011,pg.76)
      - Chemiosmosis
        
        Hydrogen ions are unable to pass through the phospholipid bilayer so they must pass through protein channels linked to the enzyme ATP synthase
        
        When electrons move down the gradient through the ATP synthase complex, energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP
        
        phospholipid bilayer
        
        "Lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The head of the molecule is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. Two levels of these form a phospholipid bilayer where the hydrophilic head faces aqueous environment and the interior of the cell. The hydrophobic interior is the interior of the membrane and prevents the movement of water and ions through the membrane because it is a nonpolar interior.
      - Each NADH produces of 3 ATP and each FADH2 produces 2 ATP
      - This is where the energy is converted to ATP because at this phase of cellular respiration the majority of energy is in NADH and FADH2
      - Occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix
- - - - In the double membrane is the intermembrane space
      - Folded inner membrane is called cristae
    - - Contains the enzymes that are necessary for the reactions in cellular respiration (Lerner, 2020)
- - - - ADP is