U1:C2- British Malaya
Why did the British intervene in Malaya?
New Markets (E)
Raw Materials (E)
New Bases (E)
Social Stability (E)
Political Situation (P)
Succession Disputes
Can become Sultan as long as:
Can command respect of ruling class
Have ability and prestige
Have supportive allies
Potential candidates at that time:
Yusof (prev sultan didn't like him)
Ismail (appointed by Mentri)
Abdullah (may be bypassed by Ismail)
4th Larut War: HS+Mentri+Ismail VS GH+Abdullah
Pangkor Treaty (1874)
Residential System
First Resident: James Birch (1874-1875)
Why was it a failure?
Misinterpretation of treaty terms
James Birch's personality
Perak War
2nd Resident: Hugh Low (1877-1889)
Why the system was more successful?
Spoke fluent Malay
Well-versed in Malay customs
Preserved status of sultan and allowed him to participate in passing of laws
Yusof easier to deal with
Remaining chiefs not as hostile
His Administrative Policies
State Council Established
Development of State
Compensation of Malay chiefs
Why was the Federated Malay States formed?
Why claim the Northern Malay States and form UFMS?
Weaknesses of Residential System
Residents too powerful
Lack of coordination in administration
Lack of uniformity in economic growth
Lack of unity
British's POV:
Some sultans gave concessions to other European powers
Heard Germany and Russia looking to establish naval bases and coaling stations
Siamese POV:
Their rule not popular in Northern Malay states
Sultans acted against their wishes
Kept requesting British protection
Bangkok Treaty (1909)
What were the responses of people?
Impacts of British rule in Malaya
Elite Malays
Sultan and malay chiefs
Sultans of UFMS
Indigenous Malays
Indians
Chinese
Political
Economic
Social
Transfer of power from local rulers to Residents
Development of Tin and Rubber industries
Creation of export oriented economy
Infrastructure development
Standardisation of currency
Marginalisation of indigenous Malays
Creation of plural society
Limited education for locals
Urbanisation
Anglo Dutch Treaty (1824)