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Topic 5 (Work) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Performance-support software and training software empower lower-skilled workers and make the training process for complex jobs cheaper, faster, and easier
    - - In 1900, only 0.5 people out of every 1000 in the United States worked as an engineer. After the huge growth in technology during the 20th century, 7.6 out of every 1000 people were engineers.
    - - Computer programs analyze loan applications and decide which to approve
      - Some programs are better than people at predicting which applicants are likely to default
        on their loans
      - Computers could take over many white-collar, professional jobs
    - - At the same time, computers eliminate more high-skilled jobs than older technologies.
  - - - 3) It provides previously unavailable work options for some elderly or disabled people for
        whom commuting is physically difficult and expensive
        
        It allows work to continue after
        blizzards, hurricanes, or other disasters close roads or discourage travel.
      - 1) Telecommuting reduces overhead for employers and, in some cases, increases productivity
        
        Productivity studies in areas where work is easy to measure (e.g., data entry) showed productivity gains of 15%
      - 2) Telecommuting reduces rush-hour traffic congestion and the associated pollution, gasoline use, and stress and reduces expenses for commuting and for work clothes.
        
        It saves time that workers can use for exercise, sleep, or more interaction with friends and family
      - 4) Telecommuting, and the flexible hours it permits, can help reduce child-care expenses and give parents more time with their children
        
        Employees and employers benefit when a person can accept a job with a company in a distant state without having to move
    - - 2) Even in the past few centuries, working at
        home has not been uncommon.
      - 3) In the past, social isolation was not considered a problem for people who worked in or near
        their homes
        
        Urban policy researcher Joel Kotkin observes that
        telecommuting may encourage a return to involvement in one’s local community
      - 1) The Industrial Revolution led
        to a major shift in work patterns: jobs moved to offices and factories
    - - 6) Problems led some companies to cut back telecommuting programs
      - 3) Some employees need better direction about what work
        and how much work their employer expects them to do at home
      - 2) Some found that the corporate loyalty of telecommuters weakened
      - 1) Some employers see resentment among employees who must work at the office
      - 4) Some employees complain that the costs of office space and overhead that have been reduced for the employer have simply been shifted to the employee who must give up space at home for the office.
      - 5) Some employees believe that by working at home they miss mentoring relationships and opportunities for advancement.
  - - - In the past, job seekers did research on jobs and companies in libraries and by telephone. The Web and social media make more information and services available to a job seeker with much more convenience and for a lower price
  - - - 3) Problems of customer satisfaction, training, and less-than-expected savings led some companies to conclude that offshoring did not work well for them
      - 4) Employees in companies that send projects offshore find they need new job skills.
      - 2) The workers experience problems too
      - 5) Some small technology companies have found that increased demand for highly
        skilled workers in India has already forced salaries up.
      - 1) Consumers have many complaints about customer service call centers in foreign countries: Foreign accents are difficult to understand
    - - Companies send off work in legal services, aircraft engineering, biotech and
        pharmaceutical research, and stock analysis and other financial services
    - - He sees offshoring as potentially
        very disruptive
- - - - 4) Email, smartphones, social networking, Twitter, and so on, enhance work-related communications and make a lot of work more efficient and more pleasant, benefiting both employers and employees
      - 3) Newspaper editors, senior lawyers, and customer service supervisors can remotely observe
        the computer screens of the workers they supervise
      - 2) Supervisors listened in on the work of telephone operators and customer service representatives
      - 1) Logs or time clocks measured total hours worked
    - - 1) The overhead of managing and maintaining systems to work with the variety of brands
      - 3) Other more, security of company information and operations
      - 2) Operating systems on the employees’ various devices
  - - - Some routinely reject people who do not have a college degree, even though some of those people could do the job well.
    - - Some employers are overcautious and decline to hire an applicant if something negative turns up, without exploring the context or determining the accuracy of the information
    - - Some argue
        that employers should restrict the information they collect about applicants to what is directly related to job qualifications
    - - 2) Some people, about to seek a job, try to clean up their online persona
      - 1) Use a “third-party”
        company to perform the searches.