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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, addition reactions
(a) bromination: alkenes…
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkanes
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chemical properties
- (a) complete combustion: CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O + heat energy
(b) incomplete combustion: 2CH4 + 3O2 --> 2CO + 4H2O + heat energy
- substitution reaction: CH4 + Cl2 ---> CH3Cl + HCl
(requires light)
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Alkenes
chemical properties
- cracking: alkanes are cracked to make alkenes (requires heat & catalyst)
- C2H6 --> C2H4 + H2 (requires steam >800 degrees celsius)
- addition polymerisation: when long-chain compounds are formed by polymers
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Alcohol
chemical properties
- making alcohol:
(a) fermentation: condition - yeast
- C6H12O6 (aq) --> 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + energy
(b) hydration (addition reaction): condition - 570 degrees celsius, 60-70 atm, phosphoric acid (catalyst)
- C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ C2H5OH
- carboxylic acid + alcohol (conc. sulfuric acid) ---> esters
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Carboxylic Acid
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chemical properties
- making carboxylic acid
(a) fermentation: condition - air
(b) oxidising agent: condition - potassium manganate(VII), in presence of acid (catalyst)
colour change: purple --> colourless
potassium manganate is oxidised by ethanol to form ethanoic acid
chemical reaction:
- carboxylic acid + metal --> salt + hydrogen
- carboxylic acid + base --> salt + water
- carboxylic acid + metal carbonate --> salt + water + carbon dioxide
- carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ester + water
(condition: concentrated sulphuric acid)
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- addition reactions
(a) bromination: alkenes decolourise bromine water (orange-brown)
(b) hydrogenation: alkene to alkane
- C2H4 + H2 (heat with Ni catalyst) --> C2H6
(c) hydration: alkene to alcohol
- C2H4 + H2O (steam) --> C2H5OH
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