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MaldonadoJuanDigestUrinary - Coggle Diagram
MaldonadoJuanDigestUrinary
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Propulsion or moving food along the digestive tract
Secretion of digestive enzymes and other substances that help liquify, adjust pH of, and break down food
Ingesting or eating food
Mechanical digestion, such as mastication or churning of food in the stomach, to break down food into smaller particles
Chemical digestion through enzymes breaking down food into smaller molecules
Absorption or movement of molecules from digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels; entrance of nutrients into the body
Defecation or elimination of undigested material through the anus
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
Help body eliminate liquid waste called urea
Keep chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and water in balance
Regulate blood pressure
Regulate production of erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow
Regulate the acid-base balance and conserve fluids
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)
Mouth: Responsible for mastication or chewing of food
Salivary Glands: makes saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through the esophagus into the stomach.
Tongue: positions and mixes food and also carries sensory receptors for taste; and the palate, which separates the mouth from the nasal cavity
Esophagus
A hollow tube that leads from the throat (pharynx) to the stomach
The walls of the esophagus propel food to the stomach by rhythmic waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis
Stomach
Holds food while it is being mixed with digestive enzymes
Temporary storage are for food
Releases food into small intestine
Small Intestine: Carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients from food into the bloodstream
Duodenum
Absorbs iron
Absorbs Folate (Vitamin B9)
Largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process
Jejunum
Absorbs Folate (Vitamin B9)
Mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
Ileum
Absorbs bile salts an Vitamin B12
Mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and gets rid of any waste products left over
Recovers water and electrolytes
Storage of feces and fermentation of indigestible foodstuffs; propels feces into rectum for elimination
Absorbs vitamins
Anus
The anus is the end of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The internal anal sphincter relaxes and pushes the stool from the rectum into the anal canal
Solid Organs
Liver
regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile
Bile helps to carry away waste products from the liver
All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver
Pancreas
During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes
enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches
Also helps digestive system by producing hormones
Gallbladder
stores bile produced by the liver
After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon
Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys
Regulation of extracellular fluid volume. The kidneys work to ensure an adequate quantity of plasma to keep blood flowing to vital organs.
Regulation of osmolarity
Regulation of ion concentrations
Regulation of pH
Excretion of wastes and toxins
Production of hormones
Renal Pelvis
acts like a funnel, collecting the urine produced in the kidney and leading to a central “stem,” the ureter
Ureters
carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys
Bladder
Temporary storage of urine
Assists in the expulsion of urine; the musculature of the bladder contracts during micturition, with concomitant relaxation of the sphincters
Urethra
allows urine to pass outside the body, whether that be through the vagina or the penis
brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder
Digestive Enzymes
Saliva
Amylase
Digests starch
Forms maltose
Gastric Juice
Protease (Pepsin) and Hydrochloric Acid
Digests proteins
forms partly digested proteins
Pancreatic Juice
Protease (Trypsin)
Digests proteins
Forms peptides and amino acids
Lipases
Digests fats emulsified by bile
Forms fatty acids and glycerol
Amylase
Digests starch
Forms maltose
Intestinal Enzymes
Peptidases
Digests peptides
Forms amino acids
Sucrase
Digests sucrose (sugar)
Forms glucose and fructose
Lactase
Digests lactose (milk sugar)
Forms glucose and galactose
Maltase
Digests maltose
Forms glucose
Bile (From Liver)
Bile Salts
Digests fat globules
Forms fat droplets
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins
Digested in the mouth via mechanical breakdown
Digested in the stomach via chemical digestion by enzymes and mechanical digestion by peristalsis
Further digested in small intestine and also absorbed by the small intestine in the form of amino acids
Carbohydrates
Digested in the mouth via chemical breakdown
Digested in the stomach via enzymes and churning/mixing
Digested in small intestine via enzymes (amylase and glocosidase)
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed across the membrane of the small intestine and transported to the liver where they are either used by the liver, or further distributed to the rest of the body
Lipids
Digested in mouth via mechanical breakdown and by an enzyme called lingual lipase
Digested in stomach via mechanical digestion by mixing/churning and chemical digestion by gastric lipase (an enzyme)
Digested in the small intestine by emulsification due to bile, enzymatic digestion via pancreatic lipase, and micelles which aid with digestion
Absorbed in the small intestine in the form of fatty-acid chains and cholesterol into the bloodstream
Nucleic Acids
Digestion of Nucleic Acids Starts in the Stomach
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in foods are digested in the small intestine with the help of both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by the small intestine itself
Pancreatic enzymes called ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease break down RNA and DNA, respectively, into smaller nucleic acids. These, in turn, are further broken down into nitrogen bases and sugars by small intestine enzymes called nucleases.
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa: Innermost layer; functions in absorption and secretion; composed of epithelium cells and a thin connective tissue.
Epithelium
innermost layer and it is responsible for most digestive, absorptive, and secretory processes.
Lamina Propria
layer of connective tissue that is unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue.
Muscularis Mucosae
thin layer of smooth muscle and its function is still under debate.
Mucosa in the stomach
the epithelium is simple columnar, and is organized into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion.
Submucosa
relatively thick, highly vascular, and serves the mucosa
absorbed elements that pass through the mucosa are picked up from the blood vessels of the submucosa.
lies under the mucosa and consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer, the muscularis externa; has glands and nerve plexuses
Muscularis
responsible for the segmental contractions and peristaltic movements in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
consists of an inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis, which propels the food through the GI tract.
The stomach has a third layer of muscularis externa: the inner oblique layer. This helps churn the chyme in the stomach
Peristaltic activity in the muscularis externa is regulated by the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Serosa
provides a partition between the internal organs and the abdominal cavity.
Cells of the serous layer secrete a serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce friction.
connective tissue layer provides blood vessels and nerves.
three serous cavities within the human body are the pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart ), the pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs), and peritoneal cavity (surrounding most organs of the abdomen).
serous membrane covers the heart; it has an inner layer (the parietal pericardium ) and an outer layer (the visceral pericardium).
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Nephron: one of the functional units of the kidney that filters the blood, selectively reabsorbs substances (such as glucose, ions, and amino acids), and excretes nitrogenous waste (such as urea) and excess water and salts in the form of urine
Renal Corpuscle: responsible for the filtration of the plasma
Glomerulus
The thin walls of the glomerulus allow smaller molecules, wastes, and fluid—mostly water—to pass into the tubule.
Bowman's Capsule
a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac.
Renal Tubules
a series of tubes that begin after the Bowman capsule and end at collecting ducts
Each tubule has several parts: Proximal convoluted tubule. This section absorbs water, sodium, and glucose back into the blood.
Loop of Henle. This section further absorbs potassium, chloride, and sodium into the blood.
Distal convoluted tubule. This section absorbs more sodium into the blood and takes in potassium and acid.
Disorders of Digestive and Urinary Systems
Urinary Disorders
Kidney Stones
A small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys and is often painful when passed.
most common symptom is severe pain, usually in the side of the abdomen, that's often associated with nausea.
Cause is mostly unknown
Treatment includes pain relievers and drinking lots of water to help pass the stone
Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer occurs in the lining of the bladder. It is the sixth most common type of cancer in the United States
Symptoms include: Pain when urinating, urinating blood, frequent urge to urinate, lower back pain
Risk factors for developing bladder cancer include smoking and exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace. People with a family history of bladder cancer or who are older, white, or male have a higher risk.
Treatments for bladder cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer.
Urinary Incontinence
Loss of bladder control, varying from a slight loss of urine after sneezing, coughing, or laughing to complete inability to control urination.
Pelvic floor exercise and avoiding caffeine can be regarded as treatments
Caused by problems with muscles and nerves, or obesity
Digestive Disorders
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
An intestinal disorder causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation.
Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation.
Cause is still unknown
Professional treatment can include: Antidiarrheal, Gut antispasmodic, laxative, etc.
Adding more fiber to the diet, maintaining stress, and exercise are self-treatments
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
chronic disease that occurs when stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining.
Acid reflux and heartburn more than twice a week may indicate GERD.
Symptoms include burning pain in the chest that usually occurs after eating and worsens when lying down.
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin.
Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom.
Treatment usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If a bacteria is the cause, antibiotics may be needed.