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Anaplasmosis (Yellow fever), image, image, image - Coggle Diagram
Anaplasmosis
(Yellow fever)
Pathogenesis
1.Transmitted by vectors/mechanical
Anaplasma introduced into host
Invades and reproduces within mature erythrocytes (Incubation period - 3 to 8 weeks)
Immune systems recognizes the infected erythrocytes as abnormal and eliminates them (Erythrophagocytosis)
Anaemia occurs and followed by other clinical signs
Epidemiology
Host
Cattle, buffalo, camel, wild ruminants eg. deer
Infected animal remains as life long carrier
Asymptomatic carrier cattle as reservoir for vector-borne transmission
In animals over 3yo as peracute, fatal infection
In endemic area much less susceptible due to constant exposure since young and acquired immunity with carrier state
Environment
Temperate areas -> Non-endemic
Tropical & subtropical areas -> Endemic (Dense vector and host population)
Common disease globally in all continents
Agent
0.2-0.4μm coccoid or ring like body in RBCs
stain dark violet by Giemsa
Obligate intracellular parasite
Ricketssial parasite
Anaplasma
spp.
Anaplasma centrale
(as live vaccine)
Anaplasma ovis
(sheep, goats)
Anaplasma marginale
(most common)
Named after location of organism within infected RBC
Transmission
Mechanical transmission
Castration equipment
Dehorning apparatus
Contaminated needle
Ear tagging device
Blood contaminated fomite
Embryo transplantation
Vector
Flies (
Tabanidae
)
Transtadial and intrastadial transmission in ticks
Ticks (
Ixodidae
) eg.
Boophilus microplus
important in tropical areas
Clinical signs
Hyperthermia
Weight loss
Icterus, dark yellow urine
Inappetance
Anaemia
Abortion
Laboured breathing
Constipation, dry green feces
Prevention & Control
Antimicrobial feeding
Chlortetracycline (CTC) fed during the arthropod vector season
Vaccination
Live vaccines
Killed vaccines
Minimize transmission
Proper disinfecting equipment
Reduce vector (biting insects) -Periodic spraying and dipping
Eliminating carrier stage
Herd treatment
-Oxytetracycline injection every 3-4 weeks during high risk times
Treatment
Antiprotozoal drug
Imidocarb dipropionate, (3mg/kg)
Supportive treatment
Fluids
Blood transfusions
Hematinics
Appetite stimulants
Mild laxatives
Rumenotonics
Antibiotic
Oxytetracycline (6-10mg/kg), 3-5 days, IM or
Long-acting oxytetracycline, (20mg/kg), IM, single injection
Differential Diagnosis
Leptospirosis
Theileriases
Babesiosis
Trypanosomiasis
Diagnosis
Thin blood smear
Complement fixation test
Post-mortem lesions
Indirect fluorescent antibody test
Clinical signs
Card agglutination test
History
ELISA
Physical Examination Findings
Strenuous breathing
Brown urine
Presence of ticks on body
Pale or yellow mucous membranes
