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Emily Saldivar-P.1 Digestive + Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Emily Saldivar-P.1 Digestive + Urinary System
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Take in food
break food down into nutrient molecules
absorb molecules into the blood stream
rid body of indigestible substances
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Filtering blood
Creating urine
Regulating water volume
pH balance
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth
Teeth- help to grind and tear food
Tongue- repositions + mixes food during chewing & initiate swallowing, speech & taste
Pharynx- passage for food to enter esophagus
Esophagus- passage for food to the stomach
Stomach- storage space for food that begins chemical breakdown + protein digestion
Liver- secretes bile
Gallbladder- stores bile
Pancreas- produces pancreatic juice and digestive enzymes
Small Intestine- most digestion and absorption occur here
Duodenum- 1st part of S.I
Jejunum- 2nd part of S.I
Ileum- 3rd part of S.I
Large Intestine- specific vitamin and water absorption
Cecum- 1st part of L.I
Appendix- lymphoid tissue
Colon- Mid part of L.I
Rectum- stored feces
Anal Canal- last part of L.I that opens to body exterior
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys- maintains body's internal environment by regulating acid-base balance, excreting metabolic wastes, toxins & drugs, producing erythropoietin, activating vitamin D & beginning gluconeogenesis
Ureters- carry urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder- hollow organ that temporarily stores urine
Urethra- tube that carries urine from the bladder and out the body
Digestive Enzymes - secreted by pancreas
Proteases- proteins
Amylase- carbohydrates
Lipases- lipids (fats)
Nucleases- nucleic acids
Location of Digestion & Absorption of each Macromolecule
Small Intestine
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) diffuse into absorptive cells in S.I
Water-soluble vitamins (C, B) are absorbed through diffusion in S.!
Vitamin B12 binds with intrinsic factor & absorbed by endocytosis
Electrolyte Absorption
Iron + Calcium absorbed in duodenum
Na absorption is coupled with active absorption of glucose & amino acids
Ca absorption regulated by Vitamin D + parathyroid hormone
95% of water absorbed through osmosis
Large Intestine
Vitamin K & B vitamins from bacterial metabolism are absorbed
5% of water absorbed
Layers of GI Tract
Mucosa- tunic layer + lines lumen; secretes mucus, digestive enzymes + hormones, absorbs end products & protects against disease
Submucosa- made of areolar connective tissue; has blood and lymphatic vessels + submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis Externa- muscle layer responsible for segmentation & peristalsis + thickens in specific areas to form sphincters
Serosa- outermost layer made up of visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus- highly porous capillaries that allow filtrate (plasma -derived fluid) to form
Glomerular Capsule- cup-shaped empty structure that surround
glomerulus
Renal Tubule- single layer of epithelial cells
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Nephron Loop
Distal Convoluted Tubule- drains into collecting duct
Disorders of the Digestive & Urinary Systems
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- when heartburn occurs regularly and destroys the lining of the esophagus + can cause bleeding & extreme pain
Peptic Ulcers- sores in the stomach caused by overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs or bacteria
Irritable Bowel Syndrome- irritation of the colon that includes boating, gas, diarrhea and constipation
Crohn's Disease- inflammation of the digestive tract that can cause severe discomfort, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition
Kidney Stones- hard deposits of salts and minerals that form in the kidney and are extremely painful when passed
Urinary Tract Infection- infection of the urethra, bladder or kidneys, which causes painful urination